Sport Injuries and their Symptoms

1. Sport Injuries and their Symptoms Assignment 2

2. Aims of the Assignment • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vj4hl-3rOQ0 • Understanding the cause of injury (aetiology) • Injury assessment and diagnosis • Injury treatment and rehabilitation (acute, post-acute and chronic) • Strategies for injury prevention (attempted avoidance of injury or reoccurrence of injury)

3. Assessment Criteria • P3 • describe the physiological responses common to most sports injuries • P4   • describe the psychological responses common to sports injuries • M2 • explain the physiological and psychological responses common to most sports injuries • D1 • analyse the physiological and psychological responses common to most sports injuries

4. Signs of Injury • Individually list as many signs of injury for example: swelling • Other examples may include. • Discomfort • Muscle tightness • Redness • Area is warmer than other areas on the body • Bruising

5. Classifications • What way have we already classified injuries? • They can also be classified according to the type of tissue that is injured, for example, soft, hard and special tissue injuries. They can also be classified by the type of infliction being put upon the tissue - direct or indirect impact.

6. Match the stage to the length of injury • 72 hours to 21 days after injury • 21 days after injury • 0-72 hours after injury Acute Stage Sub-Acute Injury Chronic Continuum

7. Stages of healing • Stages of healing • Injuries are usually described in relation to their stage of healing, i.e. acute, sub-acute, or chronic. Put simply this means severe, moderate or mild. • Acute Stage (Severe) 0-72 hours after injury • Sub-Acute Injury (Moderate) 72 hours to 21 days after injury • Chronic Continuum (Mild) 21 days after injury. • The severity of the injury will dictate sub-acute and chronic. For example, less severe injuries will meet the chronic stage sometimes before day 21, more severe may take longer than 21 days.

8. Injuries and tissue types • Injuries and tissue types • There are two types of tissue that will be discussed in relation to sporting injuries. • The soft-tissues of the body include skin, fibrous-connective tissue, muscle, tendon, ligament, bursae, synovium, and fibro-cartilage. These are the tissues that are commonly attended to in sports therapy. • Bone, articular cartilage, and the rough, fibrous, outer membrane of bone - periosteum - are considered to be the hard-tissues of the body.

9. Acute injury • Acute injury is defined by the early onset and short duration of the particular signs and symptoms following the trauma. The injury could involve any one or more of the bodies' tissues. • Typically, the athlete is aware of how the injury occurred, and with an acute sporting injury the common signs and symptoms can include immediate pain, tenderness, swelling, contour deformity or bleeding. • An injury is normally described as being acute until the initial signs of inflammation have reduced, and the healing process has begun, which is normally after 0-72 hours.

10. Sub-Acute • Sub-Acute is sometimes referred to as post-acute injury. This classification is related to the time-scale of repair, and typically, a sub-acute injury is the state of injury 72 hours to 21days. • Obviously, the severity of the injury and the acute treatment provided affect the rate of healing and the quality of repair, but the sub-acute injury is where the inflammation has begun to reduce, and there are gradual improvements in symptoms and function. • The rehabilitation process begins at the sub-acute stage.

11. Chronic injury • Chronic Injuries usually have a gradual onset of pain, resulting most commonly from repetitive minor injuries. Chronic problems often develop when minor injuries are poorly managed. • Unfortunately, with more severe injuries (whether from one traumatic incident or from overuse) the athlete is often left with a chronic problem. Chronic problems usually demand management and rehabilitation that may involve adaptations to normal daily activities in addition to physical therapy.

12. Impact injury • Any impacting force, be it an opponent's elbow in the face, a cricket ball in the thigh, or a bang on the head from a fall, can result in anything from a minor bruise to a fracture, concussion, or worse. The various keys to preventing impact injuries include: adherence to rules, wearing adequate protection, being fit, agile and reactive for the activities being performed.

13. Research Task • In pairs research the following conditions • Tenoperiostitis • Achilles Tendinopathy • Ankle sprains (including the grades)

14. Soft-tissue injuries • Soft-tissue injuries are sustained to muscles, tendons, ligaments or joints. • The human body the strength of the knee (YOUTUBE VIDEO)