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Unification Review

Unification Review. Study the map of German Unification in your textbook on page 831. Be able to identify Southern German states Know Prussia and the other states of the north German confederation Austrian Empire Alsace and Lorraine Schleswig and Holstein.

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Unification Review

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  1. Unification Review

  2. Study the map of German Unification in your textbook on page 831. • Be able to identify • Southern German states • Know Prussia and the other states of the north German confederation • Austrian Empire • Alsace and Lorraine • Schleswig and Holstein

  3. Study the map of Italy in your book on page 827 and know: Rome Piedmont Lombardy Venetia Nice Savoy

  4. National Unification Italy and Germany

  5. In 1848-1849, the liberal nationalists had been defeated in their efforts to unify Italy and Germany. By the early 1850’s, the Austrians had re-imposed their control over Italian and German affairs, and the German confederation had been reestablished. Leadership now passed into the hands of professional politicians. They possessed what the revolutionary idealists of 1848 had lacked: power and the will to use power, practical political experience, and a clear vision of their goals. In Italy, Camillo Cavour, the Premier of Piedmont, established a united Kingdom of Italy in 1861, while in Germany, Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian minister-president, created a unified German Empire a decade later.

  6. Divided Italy • South-Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ruled by Bourbon King • Center- the Pope governed the Papal States • North-Austrian domination, except for Piedmont-the source of Italian leadership most responsible for Italian Unification

  7. Camillo Cavour • As Premier of the Piedmont carried out a program of liberal reform • Established banks, built railroads • Under Cavour, Piedmont became a progressive state • Realpolitik

  8. Cavour’s Foreign Policy • Austria presented roadblock to Italian unification • Cavour sought French assistance • Sent troops to Crimean war in 1854-to win support from France and England • Excellent example of Realpolitik

  9. Realpolitik after 1850 • Politics of reality • Employed by Cavour and Bismarck • Replaced Romantic idealism with hard headed strategy and manipulation • Cavour’s involvement in the Crimean War • Bismarck’s manipulation of the Ems telegram

  10. Cavour met with Napoleon III 1858 • NIII promised to send troops to aid the Piedmont against the Austrians in war • Piedmont would get Lombardy and Venetia • NIII would get Nice and Savoy Napoleon III

  11. Austro-Sardinian War 1859 • April 1859 Cavour provoked Austria into declaring war- (Realpolitik) • A combined French and Piedmontese army counterattacked • Austrians defeated at Magenta and Solferino-pulled out of Lombardy

  12. NIII backs out of deal with Cavour • Shocked by the bloodiness of the battles and fearful of a hostile reaction by French Catholics if Piedmont moved to annex Papal States • NIII made a separate peace with Austria • Peace of Villa Franca gave Lombardy to Piedmont • Austria was allowed to keep venetia

  13. Cavour was furious at Napoleon III’s double dealing

  14. Piedmont’s annexations in northern Italy • By September 1859 revolutionary assemblies in Tuscany, Parma, Modena and a part of the Papal States offered to unite with the Piedmont

  15. Nice and Savoy-done deal • NIII agreed to allow Piedmont to annex the Northern territories. • In exchange Napoleon III received Nice and Savoy

  16. Revolution in Southern Italy • Revolution broke out in Sicily in response to the reactionary policies of the Bourbon King. • Spread of revolution to the south was more than Cavour expected and more than NIII could support

  17. Garibaldi’s Expedition • Sailed form Genoa with 1,000 “red shirt”volunteers • Officially Cavour opposed the expedition, Secretly he suuported it • By April 1860 Garibaldi had taken Naples, capital of the Two Sicilies • Bourbon King fled

  18. The problem with Rome • Cavour thought that the Red shirts might go for Rome. • Could cause Austria and France to defend the Pope. • Since 1848 French troops had been in Rome protecting the Pope against revolution • In order to restrain Garibaldi, Cavour sent Piedmontese troops into the Papal states-avoiding Rome

  19. Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy • On March 17, 1861 the Italian Parliament proclaimed the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy with Victor Emmanuel as King. • Cavour died three months later.

  20. Annexation of Venice and Rome • April 1866 Italy made an alliance with Prussia • Prussia defeated Austria in 7 weeks • Austria ceded Venetia to the Italians • Italy received Venetia as a result of the Austro-Prussian War

  21. Addition of Rome • With the Franco- Prussian war of 1870, French troops in Rome were removed to fight the Prussians. • The Italians occupied and annexed Rome • The annexations of Venetia and Rome completed the Risorgimento.

  22. Divided Germany • Following 1848 german Confederaion made up of 39 States, Austria and Prussia • Holding the presidency of the German confederation, the Austrians dominated Germany as they did Italy

  23. Bismarcks Rise • King William I of Prussia sought to strengthen the Prussian Army requiring new taxes • Liberal parliament would not approve taxes without concessions from the King • Bismarck addressed the parliament- “great issues of the day would not be settled by parliamentary debate and majority vote, but by blood and iron” • Parliament still refused new taxes, Bismarck proceeded to collect the taxes any way

  24. Schleiswig-Holstein Affair • Danish King ruled the partly Danish and German duchies-although they were not a part of Denmark • In 1863 the Danish parliament annexed Schleswig. • Infuriated German nationalists

  25. Austro-Prussian alliance • Bismarck proposed a Prussian alliance with Austria to take action against Denmark. • Prussia and Austria went to war with Denmark in 1864. • Denmark was quickly defeated and gave up Schleswig and Holstein. • Bismarck set up joint occupation of the territories with Prussia getting Schleswig and Austria getting Holstein. • Bismarck used arrangement to provoke arguments and war with Austrians—led to Austro-Prussian War 1866.

  26. Bismarck’s Alliances isolating Austria • Napoleon III remains neutral-he thought that Austria would win • Alliance with Italy-promised Venetia to Italians if Prussians won

  27. Austro-Prussian war 1866 aka Seven Weeks War • Prussia accused the Austrians of violating German confederation agreements. • Prussia proposed the abolition of the German Confederation • The Prussians defeated the Austrians at the battle of Sadowa

  28. North German Confederation • Bismarck made a moderate peace with Austria. • Prussia gained full possession of Schleswig and Holstein. • Prussia also annexed the Northern German States of Hanover, Hesse, Nassau, and Frankfurt. • This created the North German Confederation 1867

  29. North German Confederation • Austria was now out of German affairs • Kleindeutsh • Prussia dominated the North German Confederation • Four independent southern States, Bavaria,Wurtemburg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt

  30. Southern Germany • 4 southern German states refused to join with the Prussian dominated North German confedration • Traditionally quite liberal and Catholic • Reluctant to be controlled by autocratic/militaristic/Lutheran Prussia • Napoleon III opposed the further expansion of Prussia • Bismarck believed he would have to fight a war with France to win the Southern states

  31. The Hohenzollern candidacy • An 1868 revolution in Spain set the wheels in motion for Franco-Prussian war • Spanish revolution led to overthrow of Queen Isabella-spain needed new monarch • A Hohenzollern (Prussian relative) was considered • France strongly opposed this possibility

  32. French demands on Prussia • In the face of French protests, Kaiser William I withdrew Leopold’s name • On July 13, 1870 French ambassador Count Bennedetti met with William I in Ems and asked the king that a Hohenzollern candidacy would not be considered for Spain • William reported the outcome of the meeting to Bismarck in Berlin. William indicated that the meeting went fine. He sent this news to Bismarck via the “Ems telegram”

  33. Ems Telegram • Bismarck edited the Kings report and released it to the papers. • Bismarck made it apear that William I and Bennedetti insulted each other. • Napoleon III declared war on July, 19 1870 • Bismarck had made alliances with the southern German states in anticipation of war • Now all of Germany went to war with France

  34. Franco-Prussian War • The Southern German States joined with the North German Confederation thus creating the German Empire.

  35. Completion of German Unification • January 18,1871 William I was declared the Emperor of Germany. • This occurred in the Hall of mirrors at the palace of Versailles

  36. Treaty of Frankfurt May 10, 1871 • French ceded the Provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to the Germans and had to pay the Germans the equivalent of $1 billion dollars. • The annexation of Alsace and Lorraine enraged the French-pick that back up in WWI. • The French would want REVENGE!

  37. Russia From Alexander I to Nicholas II

  38. Crimean War 1853-1856 • Russians occupied Moldavia and Wallachia 1853-on the west coast of the black sea • Turkey declared war on Russia • Great Britain, France, Piedmont joined Turkey • Prussia and Austria remained neutral • Following the death of Nick I, Alexander II sued for peace • Treaty of Paris 1856-Russia could not have a navy on the Black Sea • Crimean war taught Alexander II that the Russians were behind the west-reform was needed.

  39. Reforms of Czar Alexander II (r. 1855-1881) • Emancipated the serfs 1861 • Serfs acquired some land • State compensated landowners for lost land • Peasants required to reimburse state • Land was given to Mir (village communes) not to individual peasant

  40. Terrorism • Reforms of Alex II increased demands for reform • Some radicals turned to terrorism- “Peoples will” • Terror would hopefully get gov’t change • Led to increased gov’t repression • March 13, 1881, Alex II agreed to establish representative council to consider reform • Alex II was assassinated the same day

  41. Czar Alexander III (r. 1881-1894) • Autocrat, rejected all proposal for further reform • Secret Police went after terrorists • Censorship tightened • Further Russification • Pogroms-authorities often encouraged peasants to conduct anti-Jewish riots • Also harassed Protestants in the Baltic and Catholics in Poland • OAR-Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Russification

  42. Czar Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917) • 1880’s marked the beginning of Russia’s industrial revolution • Peter Stolypin, “wager on the strong” allowed peasants to produce individually away from the Mir • Sergei Witte-Minister of Finance 1892-1903 • Trans-Siberian railroa • Use the “West to Catch up to the West”

  43. Germany after 1871

  44. Pope Pius IXPapal Infallibility 1870 • belief of the Roman Catholic Church that God protects the pope from error when he speaks about faith or morality • It was in this climate that Bismarck launched the Kulturkampf

  45. Kulturkampf-early 1870’s • Bismarck’s “struggle of civilization” • Campaign against the Roman Catholics of Germany • Bismarck believed Catholics could not be loyal to both Germany and the Pope • 1872-Jesuits expelled from Germany • 1873-Prussian placed the education of the clergy under the supervision of the state • Bismarck’s Kulturkampf failed

  46. Bismarck’s anti-socialist campaign 1878 and on • Social Democratic Party • Socialist groups including Marxists • Bismarck: repression and social welfare • Banned socialist meetings, suppressed newspapers • Creation of the modern welfare state • 1883/1884 National health/Accident insurance • Old age pensions

  47. France and England The Advance of Democracy

  48. The Reform Bill of 1867 • Benjamin Disraeli-conservative Prime Minister • Some seats in House of Commons redistributed • Extended vote to most of Great Britain’s urban workers • Disraeli’s “Great Leap into the dark”- in that more voters were created, not sure how they would vote!

  49. William Gladstone’s Liberal “Great Ministry” 1868-1874 • British Parliament enacted extensive reform program • Civil service exams • Education Bill of 1870 provided $ to local school boards to operate non-sectarian schools • 1871 workers gained right to organize unions and strike • Gladstone maitained Laissez-Faire

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