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TRANSPORT SYSTEM. The Concept of Circulatory System. Circulatory system: Transports substances continuously around the entire body Transports nutrients, water & O 2 to body cells Remove CO 2 and other nitrogenous wastes from body cell Consists of 3 components: Medium Vessels Pump.
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TRANSPORT SYSTEM The Concept of Circulatory System Rez@SB2014
Circulatory system: • Transports substances continuously around the entire body • Transports nutrients, water & O2 to body cells • Remove CO2 and other nitrogenous wastes from body cell • Consists of 3 components: • Medium • Vessels • Pump A) Circulatory System In Human & Animals Rez@SB2014
Required to carry materials around the circulatory system • In human & animals : BLOOD • Insects : HAEMOLYPMH • Composition of human blood • PLASMA – 55% • CELLULAR ELEMENTS – 45 % a) MEDIUM / FLUID Rez@SB2014
RED BLOOD CELLS • 5 million per mm3 of blood • DO NOT HAVE : • Nucleus • mitochondria • ribosomes • Full of haemoglobin to bind O2 & CO2 • Made in bone marrow • live for about 120 days • Destroyed & recycled in liver (i) Erythrocytes Rez@SB2014
HAVE NO NUCLEUS : provide more space for haemoglobin • Haemoglobin transports O2 – combined as oxyhaemoglobin – from lungs to the body tissues for respiration • Also carry CO2 as hydrogen-carbonate from the respiring tissues to the lungs • BICONCAVE DISC- SHAPED CELLS : increase the TSA/V ratio for optimum gaseous exchange • SMALL & FLEXIBLE: able to squeeze through narrow capillary walls Adaptations : Rez@SB2014
leucocytes Rez@SB2014
WHITE BLOOD CELLS • Colorless • Χ hemoglobin • Larger than erythrocytes; fewer in number • ≈ 7000 per mm3of blood • No fix shape • have nucleus • Can change their shapes & squeeze through the walls of capillaries • Important in body mechanisms against disease Rez@SB2014
Have : • granular cytoplasm • lobed nucleus • Capable of amoeboid movement • engulf bacteria by phagocytosis • Produced in bone marrow a) Granulocytes Rez@SB2014
Phagocytosis by Granulocyte Rez@SB2014
b) Agranulocytes Have non-granular cytoplasm and a compact nucleus Rez@SB2014
The largest of the five types of white blood cell • Produce in bone marrow • Have bean-shaped nucleus • Ingest bacteria by phagocytosis a) Monocytes Rez@SB2014
has large rounded nucleus • contains many genes : efficient antibody protein productions • Produced in the lymph glands & the lymphatic nodes • FUNCTIONS: • Produce antibodies • specific defense against toxins produced by bacteria and infecting germs b) Lymphocytes Rez@SB2014
thrombocytes Rez@SB2014
PLATELETS • Not cells • tiny fragments of other cells (megakaryocytes) • Colorless, irregular shape, without nucleus • Made in bone marrow • last about 6-7 days (iii) Thrombocytes Rez@SB2014
FUNCTIONS: • Have amoeboid movements • Important in blood clotting & repairing damages tissues • Help to maintain the integrity of blood vessel wall (iii) Thrombocytes Rez@SB2014
Blood plasma Rez@SB2014
Yellowish liquid • Serum : blood plasma with its clotting factors (such as fibrin) removed • 90% water, 10% dissolved substances (iv) Plasma Rez@SB2014
consist of dissolved gases, absorbed food molecules, excretory waste products, hormones & salts • Heat produced by respiration absorbed by plasma (iv) Plasma Rez@SB2014
Transport O2 • Transport CO2 • Transport absorbed food materials • Transport of excretory waste products • Deamination excess amino acids occur in liver • Transport heat • Blood distribute heat from heat-producing sites (e.g. skeletal muscles) to areas of heat loss (e.g. skin) • Transport of hormones • Transport of water to tissues b) Functions of blood Rez@SB2014
hAEMOLYMPH Rez@SB2014
Haemolymph : • the circulatory fluid in body cavities of insects • A.K.A ‘ insect blood’ • Flows freely within the body cavity • makes direct contact with all the internal tissues & organ of insects • Contains water, amino acids, sugar, salts & white cell c) Function of Haemolymph in Transport Rez@SB2014
Haemolymph : • the circulatory fluid in body cavities of insects • Transport hormones, nutrients, salt & metabolic wastes around the body • Does not contain haemoglobin or RBC • Does not transport O2 and CO2 c) Function of Haemolymph in Transport Rez@SB2014
Open and closed circulatory system Rez@SB2014
Insects, crustaceans & mollusks • Heart pumps haemolymph through the aorta which branches into number of arteries that open into body cavity • Haemolymph • reaches the body cells directly • diffuses between body cells & re-enters the heart through open-ended veins Open circulatory system Rez@SB2014
Found in all vertebrates & some invert (e.g. earthworms) • Heart pumps blood rapidly through & within completely closed continuous system of vessel • never comes in direct contact with body cells Closed circulatory system Rez@SB2014
The Structure of Human Blood Vessels Rez@SB2014
Heart is connected to a series of tubes called blood vessels • BLOOD VESSELS: • Tubes for the medium to flow through • Main types of vessels: artery, arteriole, capillary, venule and vein • Each type of blood vessel has a different structure according to their function Rez@SB2014
Vessels Rez@SB2014