The European Conquest of the Americas

1. The European Conquest of the Americas

3. Christófo Colón [1451-1506]

4. Columbus’ Four Voyages

5. Columbus’ VoyagesSpanish Conquests Generally Religious Political The Three G’s Reasons Economic Personal

6. Activity • Read Columbus’ First Encounters • How does CC characterize/describe these natives? • In what ways does he embody the three G’s of the Conquistador? • What accounts for his bias towards the natives?

7. Positive and Negative Effectsof Columbus’ Voyages • Columbian Exchange • Eastern and Western Hemisphere • Increased colonization • Changes in gov’t, science, religion • Enslavement of people • Disregard for culture • Destruction of Native American civilizations • Diseases like small pox, typhus, measles • De Las Casas

9. COMPETE • With a partner……. • Come up with as many foods that we eat today that were part of the Columbian Exchange. • Only rule is…..the Bubba Rule • Shrimp Salad, Shrimp Stew, Fried Shrimp, BBQ Shrimp….you can fry it, sautee it, broil it….

10. Magellan’s Route

11. Global Voyages of Exploration

12. The Hunt for “El Dorado”

13. The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortes Montezuma II

14. 1519 – Cortes intrigued by stories of GOLD Malintzin (aka Dona Marina) – advisor to Cortes Montezuma and the ancient prophecy ‘light skinned god” Cortes used other tribes to help fight The Death of Montezuma The Siege of Tenochtitlan The Story

15. The Death of Montezuma II

16. Mexico Surrenders to Cortés

17. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

18. Spanish priest told Atahualpa he must convert to Christianity but refused and imprisoned Promised to reward Pizarro with gold and silver if released, which he agreed to but then killed Atahualpa anyway Pizarro easily defeated Incas (modern day Peru) The Story

19. The Three G’s: Gold (Silver)

20. Spanish Conquest & Colonization Conquistadores Presidios Missions Encomienda System

21. Presidios • Fortified bases created by the Spanish to protect against pirates and other invaders

22. Catholic church played central rol in Spanish exploration and settlements Missionaries labored to convert American Indians to christianity Missions

23. System in Spanish America Indian slaves were forced to work on huge plantation estates Treatment was extremely harsh The Encomienda System

24. What are England and France doing at the time? • Northwest Passage – Western route above the North American continent in the Artic Sea area to get to Asia • Only setting up temporary colonies at this time for trade • Only setting up temporary colonies at this time because own country is in political turmoil

25. The Middle Passage 8-12 million involved during its time

26. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

27. Slave Ship

28. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

29. African CaptivesThrown Overboard

30. European Empires in the Americas

31. The Scramble for Empire

32. During Reformation, Spain remains Catholic while England switches to Protestant back to Catholic, back to Protestant Vying for Religious and Political Dominance A Growing Divide

33. Reading: America: LBH • Read LBH Pages 23-27: “The Rise of England” • Explain the interesting and unfulfilled relationship between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon • What was Henry VIII not allowed to do? • Who ruled England after Mary died? • Explain what characteristics made Elizabeth a great leader? • How does England become a world power?

34. King Henry VIII – 1509-1547

35. Henry’s wives Plus 4 more....

36. Henry’s Surviving Children

37. Encourages & Sponsors numerous Explorations Openly Protestant – growing conflict/competition with Spain Holds out war with France/Spain for 25 years by holding out for marriage – Virgin Queen 1570 – Cold war with Spain after Pope issues decree absolving English Catholics from obedience to Elizabeth The Elizabethian Era

38. Sir Francis Drake – Queen’s Sea Dogs Circumnavigated globe Explored as far as CA Pillaged Spanish treasure ship, Cacafuego – Emeralds of Queen’s crown Burned Spanish towns, looted Catholic churches Queen Elizabeth knighted him in 1581 – open act of defiance against Spain 1588, Spain (financed by Pope) assembled 130 ships, 30,000 men War with Spain

39. Spanish Armada --- poor leadership, too big, less maneuverable English ships – smaller, faster Massive storms wrecked Armada Victory by England broke Spain’s sea power Long Term Issue: Inflation English dominance over the seas = more freedom, more colonization England Takes Over

40. Military: set up military bases, establish political dominance Economic: need for trading posts if found the Northwest Passage, new trading markets with N.A. Population: Overcrowding, Chance at Profit, Religious freedom England’s Reasons

41. 1584 – Sir Walter Raleigh – New Foundland to Florida - Virginia 1585-87 – Raleigh’s 2 attempts 2nd attempt: John White established colony, returns to England to get more supplies Return delayed – War with Spain 1590, White returns to Roanoke – Vanished w/o trace - Croatoan Roanoke – The Lost Colony

42. 25 years passed before England attempted colonization again The Charter of 1606, issued by King James I – Jamestown settlement Joint stock company- How does it work? 100 men recruited by London company Many difficulties – Survival is uncertain England tries Again