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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Developing Your First Speech. Developing Your First Speech: An Introduction. In 1963, 250,000 people witnessed Martin Luther King Jr.’s powerful “I have a dream” speech at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Powerful speeches require diligent preparation.

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Developing Your First Speech

  2. Developing Your First Speech: An Introduction • In 1963, 250,000 people witnessed Martin Luther King Jr.’s powerful “I have a dream” speech at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. • Powerful speeches require diligent preparation. • King wrote multiple drafts of his Nobel Prize acceptance speech. • King spent as many as fifteen hours preparing a typical sermon.

  3. Developing Your First Speech: An Overview • This chapter will address: • Why prepare? • The classical approach to speech preparation • Preparing and delivering your first speech • Overcoming speech anxiety

  4. Why Prepare? • Preparation helps speakers avoid three common problems: • Leaving too little time for planning and practicing • Focusing on length rather than quality • Failing to follow the assignment

  5. Why Prepare?Leaving too little time for planning and practicing • Procrastination leaves you without a plan and adequate practice. • Unprepared, you risk losing track of your thoughts while speaking.

  6. Why Prepare?Focusing on length rather than quality • Beginning speakers often spend too much time trying to fit the time limit. • This leads to a disjointed, lackluster presentation.

  7. Why Prepare?Failing to follow the assignment • Your class may love your speech, but if it doesn’t follow the assignment, you will not earn a good grade.

  8. The Classical Approach to Speech Preparation • Cicero (106-43 B.C.E.), a Roman lawyer and politician, developed five keys to speech preparation in his treatise De inventione : 1. Invention 2. Arrangement 3. Style 4. Memory 5. Delivery

  9. The Classical Approach to Speech Preparation • Cicero’s five points are called classical canons of rhetoric. • The five canons have been studied for the past 2,400 years and still inform the way we prepare speeches today.

  10. Cicero’s Canons:Invention • The generation of ideas • Speakers generate many ideas and choose those that best serve their purpose ethically. • Effective speakers choose ideas that are adapted to their audience. • Speakers select ideas based on their topic, purpose, and supporting evidence.

  11. Cicero’s Canons: Arrangement • The structuring of ideas to effectively convey them to an audience (organization) • Most speeches have three parts • Introduction • Body • Conclusion • Effective speakers arrange ideas based on the goals of the speech.

  12. Cicero’s Canons:Style • The choice of expressive language • Correct language can make a speech clear, memorable, and bias free.

  13. Cicero’s Canons:Memory • Preparation, or the work speakers do to remain in command of their material • This canon originally emphasized techniques of memorization. • Now we rarely memorize speeches, but instead rely on extemporaneous notes.

  14. Cicero’s Canons:Delivery • The speaker’s use of the voice and body during the presentation. • Effective delivery can make a powerful statement.

  15. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Analyze Your Audience • Learn about your audience's interests and backgrounds. • Use knowledge of the audience to anticipate members’ attitudes.

  16. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Select Your Topic • Choose a topic that interests you. • Avoid overused topics. • Narrow the topic to fit the time limit of your presentation.

  17. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Select Your Topic

  18. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Determine Your Speech’s Rhetorical Purpose • The rhetorical purpose is the speech’s main goal. • Speeches typically have one of three common objectives: • Informing • Persuading • Marking an occasion

  19. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Determine Your Speech’s Rhetorical Purpose • Informing increases your audience's understanding. • Persuading tries to influence your audience's views or actions. • Marking a special occasion is speaking at events like weddings or graduations.

  20. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Create a Thesis Statement • A single sentence that sums up your main message, narrow topic, and rhetorical purpose

  21. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Determine Your Main Points • Choose the major ideas that you will emphasize. • As you research, find aspects that you need to highlight. • Each point must support the thesis.

  22. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Generate Supporting Materials • Select information that bolsters the claims made in the main points. • Brainstorm: generate many ideas that could support your thesis.

  23. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Generate Supporting Materials • Conduct research: gather information that enhances understanding of the topic and thus your credibility. • Focus on credible sources from the library, the Internet, or interviews. • Take accurate notes. • Note bibliographic information for each source.

  24. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Organize and Outline the Body of Your Speech • Create an outline with the three main parts: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. • Create two to five main points in the body. • Develop subpoints for each main point, following the rules of subordination.

  25. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Organize and Outline the Body of Your Speech • A generic sample of subordination • Main Point 1 • Subpoint • Subpoint • Sub-subpoint • Sub-subpoint • Main Point 2

  26. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Outline Your Introduction and Conclusion • Your introduction has five parts: • The attention-getter is a brief story, quote, or fact that grabs listeners’ attention. • Your thesis statement conveys the main message. • Show an audience “what's in it for them.” • Establish credibility by outlining relevant expertise you have. • Preview your main points.

  27. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Outline Your Introduction and Conclusion • The conclusion has two parts: • Summary of the main points • Clincher: a vivid closing sentence or paragraph

  28. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Outline Your Introduction and Conclusion

  29. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Incorporate Transitions • Transitions are sentences that tell the audience that you are moving from one point to another: • Use them in the following places: • Between the introduction and first main point • Between main points • Between the final main point and the conclusion

  30. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Consider Your Word Choice • Revise words to increase comprehensibility, precision, and vividness. • Revise to simplify sentences. • Revise to remove biased language.

  31. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Consider Presentation Aids • May help the audience remember your message. • Use actual objects, images, graphs, PowerPoints, etc. • Must be accessible from all points in room. • These should support, not overshadow, your presentation.

  32. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Practice Your Speech • Helps develop comfort and confidence • Promotes extemporaneousdelivery • Requires practice from outline four to five times

  33. Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech: Deliver Your Speech • Project your voice. • Maintain an even rate of speaking. • Convey interest in your topic. • Maintain eye contact.

  34. Overcoming Speech Anxiety • Speech anxiety (stage fright) is common and experiencing a little of it is okay.

  35. Overcoming Speech Anxiety

  36. Overcoming Speech Anxiety:Select a Topic You Know and Enjoy • Researching, planning, and practicing will all be easier if you pick a topic you find interesting. • Preparation ahead of time will make your speech more natural.

  37. Overcoming Speech Anxiety:Start Preparing Early • Early preparation is key; avoid the temptation to procrastinate.

  38. Overcoming Speech Anxiety:Take Care of Yourself • Get enough sleep. • Avoid too much sugar and caffeine. • Manage your other commitments before a speech.

  39. Overcoming Speech Anxiety:Visualize Success • Visualizing success can help ease your anxiety. • Make your visualization as specific as possible.

  40. Overcoming Speech Anxiety:Use Relaxation Techniques • Basic muscle and breathing exercises can help reduce anxiety. • Plan time for an enjoyable activity.

  41. Overcoming Speech Anxiety:Volunteer to Speak First • If you present early, you will have less time to work up a debilitating level of worry.

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