TOPICS Bacteria Viruses Fungi Microbiological contamination

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Understanding the importance of bacteria • Reading about the characteristics of fungi • Studying the dangers of viruses • Describing the symptoms of infectious diseases • Learning about microbiological contamination TOPICS • Bacteria • Viruses • Fungi • Microbiologicalcontamination SKILL • Pronunciation: /tu:/ or /to/ • Vocabulary: job titles, microbiology items • Grammar: future tenses • Mind map: microbiology and diseases COMPETENCES Pronouncing words correctly Taking notes about oral texts Speaking about technical topics Understanding scientific written texts Paragraph writing Translating

3. Bacteria Match the six words to the correct pictures. • food • vaccine • mould • yogurt • yeast • cheese

4. Bacterial agents Bacteria are unicellular organisms. They do not have a nucleus and most bacteria have cell walls similar to plant cells. They normally reproduce themselves by binary fusion, every 20 minutes in suitable conditions. They are everywhere around us. They are in the air, on our skin, in our bodies, in the ground, and all throughout nature. Bacteria are very small, so we cannot see them without a microscope. Some bacteria are pathogens; these micro-organisms which cause disease or illness by attacking and destroying body cells or producing poisonous substances (toxins). Some examples of pathogens are leprosy, food poisoning, pneumonia, tetanus, and typhoid fever. Fortunately, antibiotics help us to fight off the bad pathogens. Antiseptics also help us keep wounds clean of bacteria. Pathogens can cause diseases in animals and plants. Chemicals are also used to kill bacteria: chlorine in drinking water and swimming baths and disinfects in toilets.

5. Bacterial agents Some bacteria are very helpful to us: • Food - bacteria are used when making foods like yogurt, cheese, pickles, and soy sauce. Yoghurt is a dairy product made from milk fermented by bacteria and is beneficial in maintaining the balance of useful bacteria in the intestines. • Soil - one type of bacteria, called decomposers, break down material from dead plants and animals. This important function helps to create soil and get rid of dead tissue. Another type of bacteria in the soil is Rhizobium bacteria. Rhizobium bacteria helps to fertilize the soil with nitrogen for plants to use when growing. • Body - There are many good bacteria in our bodies. They help us digest and break down our food. Some bacteria protect our immune system from certain organisms that can make us sick.

6. Leprosy: lebbra Wound: ferita Dairy: da latte Getrid of: sbarazzarsi di Break down: decomporre

7. UNDERSTANDING PROFESSIONAL TEXTS In your notebook, put the words of the sentences in the correct order.

8. USING SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Circle the odd word out. -disease - illnessrespirationtoxin - yogurt bottlepicklescheese - fightdestroykillheal - lungsleprosy pneumonia tetanus USING SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Circle the correct answer • Bacteria are unicellular/ pluricellular organisms. • Bacteria help us digest/ expel! our food. • Yoghurt maintains the balance of useful/dangerous bacteria in the intestines. • Bacteria normally reproduce themselves by binary fusion / fission. • Bacteria produce /destroy toxins. • Decomposers help to create/ attack soil.

9. UNDERSTANDING PROFESSIONAL TEXTS Complete the sentences with the words given below

10. Viruses – infective agents A virus is an infective and disease-producing agent which is made up of a core of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein covering. Viruses do not have an organised cell structure and can reproduce by entering a living cell. They have no cell nucleus. They typically have one or two strands of DNA or RNA. They are inactive when not inside a living cell, but are active when inside another living cell. Most viruses are so small they cannot be seen with an optical microscope. They can infect animals and plants and make them sick. They inject their genetic material right into the cell and take over.

11. Viruses – infective agents They then use the cell to make more viruses and take over more cells. Viruses can cause all sorts of diseases. Viruses can be passed from one person to another by shaking hands, touching food, through water, or through the air when a person coughs or sneezes. Viruses can also be passed on by insect bites, animals, or through bad food. One of the most common is influenza which causes people to get the flu. Other diseases caused by viruses include the common cold, measles, mumps, yellow fever, and hepatitis. Viruses cannot be treated using drugs.

12. Viruses – infective agents Aspirin and cough medicines can reduce symptoms. Vaccines provide protection for several years. There are some standard hygienic practices that can help prevent contamination, for example: • wash your hands; • do not put your hands or fingers in your mouth, nose, or eyes; • do not rub your nose or eyes. It can cause a virus on your hands to infect your body; • make sure your food is well-cooked, especially meat; • take your vitamins each day; • do regular exercise to strengthen your immune system and fight off viruses.

13. UNDERSTANDING PROFESSIONAL TEXTS Mark the sentences true (T) or false (F)

14. USING SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Circle the correct answer.

15. UNDERSTANDING PROFESSIONAL TEXTS Complete the paragraph using the words given below. -producing - genetic -antiviral -resistance -difference -cells -genome The human body combats viruses by producing an (1) ______________ protein, "interferon", which stops the spreading of the infection. Retroviruses have an RNA (2) ________________ and can produce DNA from this RNA. Drugs to fight viruses are difficult to develop because viruses use the (3) _________________ mechanism of the host cell which may be damaged by the same drug. Some viruses gradually develop (4) ____________________ to the few antiviral drugs which have been proven to be safe to use. There is a (5) __________________ in the way bacteria and viruses can cause diseases. Bacteria damage the organism's (6) ________________ Viruses damage the organism by (7) _______________ other viruses.

16. PROBLEM SOLVING - Which illnesses are transmitted by the following channels? Search the web if necessary. • Air • Insect bite or sting • Direct contact • Blood

17. FUNGUS – VIRUS - BACTERIA

18. FUNGI – Multicellular organism

19. FUNGI – Multicellularorganism

20. USING SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Match the words to their definitions. • 1 Pathogen • 2 Infection • 3 Disease • 4 Contamination • A - Multiplication of pathogenic microbes in an individual or population. • B - When the infection causes damage to the individual's organism. • C - Something impure or unsuitable by contact with something unclean, bad, etc. • D - A micro-organism that has the potential to cause disease.

21. SING SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Complete the sentences with the words given below wet - mushrooms - food - decomposition - bacteria - mycologists – oxygen 1 Many fungi are used as _____________ such as mushrooms and truffles. 2 Fungi play an important role in the ________________ of organic matter. 3 Fungi release carbon, nitrogen, and _________________ into the soil and the atmosphere. 4 Some fungi are used to kill __________________ 5 Some __________________ are good to eat and are used as food. 6 Scientists who specialise in the study of fungi are called __________________ 7 Moulds are often seen in ______________________ places.

22. USING SPECIFIC VOCABULARY Circle the correct answer.

23. UNDERSTANDING PROFESSIONAL TEXTS Mark the sentences true (T) or false (F)

24. MICROBIOLOGIAL CONTAMINATION

25. DISEASES Contamination can cause severe diseases for the human body. Bacteria, yeast, mould, fungi, virus can infect our bodies. To cause an infection, microbes must enter our bodies. Microbes can enter the body through: • the respiratory tract (influenza virus which causes the flu); • the gastrointestinal tract (cholera); • the urogenital tract (cystitis); • breaks in the surface of the skin (tetanus).

26. DISEASES Microbes go through this process to make us ill: • First, they reach their target site in the body. • Then, they attach to the target site they are trying to infect so that they are not dislodged. • After that, they multiply rapidly. • They obtain their nutrients from the host. • Finally, they avoid and survive attacks by the host's immune system.

27. DISEASES Several controls are needed to minimizemicrobiologicalcontamination. Certainconditionscontribute to microbialcontamination: • excessivehumidity; • stagnant water; • wetmaterials; • wetfurniture; • inadequatevapourbarriers; • condensation. GLOSSARY Tract: tratto Skin: pelle Target site: obiettivo Dislodged: rimosso Host: ospite

28. DISEASES Some patients in hospitals are highly susceptible to developing infections from microorganisms. Legionnella and aspergillosis are frequent infections in hospitals.

29. UNDERSTANDING PROFESSIONAL TEXTS Mark the sentences true (T) or false (F)

30. PROBLEM SOLVING Which of the following diseases are of bacteriological origin (B) and which ones are of viral origin (V)? • Tetanus • AIDS • Gonorrhoea • Cholera • A cold • Tubercolosis • Diphteria • Measles EXPANDING NOTES Prepare a report on the possible causes of microbiological contamination in buildings. Search the web to get more information. (Say where infections may grow and point out any problems or risky situations)

31. MIND MAP BACTERIA 1: _______________ 2: _______________ Complete the mind map with the words given below. a Vaccines b Mushrooms c Yogurt d Influenza e Cheese f Toadstools MICROBIOLOGY VIRUSES 3: _______________ 4: _______________ FUNGI 5: _______________ 6: _______________

32. MIND MAP BACTERICAL AGENTS 1: _______________ 2: _______________ Complete the mind map with the words given below. a Hepatite B b Tetanus c Typhoidfever e Hiv DISEASES VIRAL AGENT 3: _______________ 4: _______________

33. GRAMMAR BENCH FUTURE TENSES Going to II futuro con going to si forma con be + going to + infinito del verbo. Si usa: • per parlare di intenzioni e progetti futuri; MrsBeakerisgoing to do some voluntary work thissummer. MrsBeakerfara/ha intenzione di fare del volontariato quest'estate. • per parlare di intenzioni basate su decisioni prese in precedenza; MrsFlaskisgoing to interview the applicantstomorrowmorningat 9.00. MrsFlaskintervistera i candidati domani mattina alle 9. • per fare previsioni su situazioni presenti che preannunciano un evento prossimo immediato; Careful with that Bunsen burner! You are going to burnyourself Attento con quel becco Bunsen! Ti brucerai. • decisioni personali. I'mnotgoing to lendyoumy tablet anymore. The batteryisflat! Non presteropiu il mio tablet. Le batteria e scarica!

34. POSITIVE • I’m • You’re • He / She / It’s • We / You / They ‘re Going to work. • I am • You are • He / She / Itis • We / You / They are NEGATIVE • I am • You are • He / She / Itis • We / You / They are • I’mnot • Youaren’t • He / She / Itisn’t • We / You / Theyaren’t Going to work. QUESTIONS • Am I • Are you • Is he / she / it • Are we / you / they Going to work?

35. WILL

36. POSITIVE Will / ‘ll work. I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They NEGATIVE work. Will not / won’t I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They QUESTIONS work? I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They Will

37. PRESENT CONTINUONS II presentcontinuous si usa per esprimere azioni, progetti e accordi futuri gia presi e programmati. MrBeakerishavingfish and chips for dinner. A cena MrBeaker mangerà pesce fritto e patatine.

38. EXERCISE 1

39. EXERCISE 2

40. EXERCISE 3

41. EXERCISE 4

42. EXPAND YOUR VOCABOLARYMicroorganisms. Match the six following words to the correct pictures. - bacteria - nitrogen base - viruses - toadstools - DNA - mushrooms

43. Microbiology. Translate these words into Italian • 1 Pathogenes 2 Antiseptics 3 Disinfectants • 4 Decomposers 5 Microscope 6 Fever Job titles. Match the pictures to the job titles. 1 Agrarianchemist 2 Industrial chemist 3 Synthesischemist 4 Analyticalchemist

44. ACTIVATING VOCABULAR, Tick the correct answer.

45. ACTIVATING VOCABULAR, Tick the correct answer.

46. ACTIVATING VOCABULARY. WORDSEARCH Discover the ten words. They run up, down, left and right. • BOTULINUM • YEASTS • BACTERIA • ANTHRAX • CANDIDA • GRAM • MOULD • MYCELIUM • PATHOGEN • AEROBIC

47. COMPETENCES: Pronouncing words correctly Taking notes about oral texts Speaking about technical topics Understanding scientific written texts Paragraph writing Translating COMUNICATION WORKSHOP PRONUNCIATION Pronouncing /tu:/ or /tₔ/ Decide whether the underlined words are pronounced in strong /tu:/ or weak /to/ form. Listen and tick the correct option. Then listen again and repeat. 1 They've got two dogs. 2 I'm going to buy a new tablet. 3 She can speak Spanish too. 4 I went to the concert last night. 5 We're going to leave on Sunday. 6 There's too much sugar in my coffee. 7 A peerless tool for medical diagnosis.

48. COMPETENCES: Pronouncing words correctly Taking notes about oral texts Speaking about technical topics Understanding scientific written texts Paragraph writing Translating COMUNICATION WORKSHOP PRONUNCIATION Pronouncing /tu:/ or /tₔ/ To is usually pronounced in the weak form /to/ in the expression going to. Listen and repeat. 1 What are you going to do with the money? 2 How are you going to get to the airport? 3 Tom is going to buy a new smartphone this month. 4 It's going to be rainy tomorrow.

49. TAKING NOTES ABOUT ORAL TEXTS You will hear a radio programme about obesity. Complete the sentences with the correct words. In the last five years obesity figures have risen from 16% of women in 2005 to one in (1) _________________ now. Men have similar weight gains. Some (2) _________________ are now obese, compared with 16 per cent in 2005. There are many reasons why obesity is on the increase, including lack of understanding of what constitutes a balanced diet, (3) _________________, limited access to fresh fruit and (4) _________________ An increasingly sedentary life style among adults is a worrying phenomenon. According to a new study the gap between men's and women's drinking habits is (5) _________________ particularly among younger drinkers. Researchers belie-ve the the change is because drinks are (6) Good news for smokers! From 2010 to 2015 smoking has become less (7) _________________ across all ages in the UK, with the largest decrease observed among those aged (8) _________________ 18 and 24. In 2015 across the UK, 19.3 % of men and 15.3 % of women (9) _________________ cigarettes. 2.3 million people used (10) in 2015; for half of these, «vaping» is used as a means to quit smoking.

50. SPEAKING ABOUT TECHNICAL TOPICS Look at the five photographs and talk about them for two minutes.