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Clown vs. Dwarf:

Every little bit helps. Clown vs. Dwarf:. Christopher Patrick Sara Hand O’Donnell Sereno. G lasgow L anguage P rocessing. Clown vs. Dwarf:. Who’s more special?. Do the beginnings of (written) words have a special status in reading?

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Clown vs. Dwarf:

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  1. Every little bit helps Clown vs. Dwarf: Christopher Patrick Sara Hand O’Donnell Sereno Glasgow Language Processing

  2. Clown vs. Dwarf: Who’s more special? • Do the beginnings of (written) words have a special status in reading? • Parafoveal preview (e.g., Rayner et al., 1982) • Do word-initial trigrams help constrain the field of lexical candidates and, hence, facilitate access? • Cohort model (Marslen-Wilson & Welsh, 1978) • If so, then: High Constraint < Low Constraint dwarf clown

  3. The initial transgression against the dwarf: Lima & Inhoff (1985) • High (dwarf) vs. Low (clown) Constraint targets • Targets equated for length and frequency • Parafoveal preview manipulation • 1-word moving window • 2-word moving window • Full line of text (no moving window) • Results • Parafoveal preview benefit (but, dwarf= clown) • Target effect of Constraint: dwarf>clown

  4. dwarf clown Avenging the dwarf • Target word frequency • Lima & Inhoff’s targets were LF words • Instead, use HF targets • Increased parafoveal pre-processing of HF vs. LF words (Inhoff & Rayner, 1986) • Contextual predictability • Lima & Inhoff’s targets in neutral sentences: The weary hated his job. • Instead, use biasing contexts • Increased parafoveal pre-processing of predictable vs. less predictable words (Balota, Pollatsek, & Rayner, 1985)

  5. Design & Materials • 2 x 2 x 2 Constraint: Low-C, High-C Frequency: LF, HF Context: Neutral, Biasing • All target words 5 letters long • 22 sets of target word quadruples: LF HF Low-CHigh-CLow-CHigh-C dwarf clown train girls • 11 items per subject per condition

  6. Stimulus Characteristics #TrigramN % of TN ConditionFreq5-letx-let5-letx-let LF Low-C 8 19 187 5% 1% High-C 10 1 15 95% 39% HF Low-C 86 18 238 15% 5% High-C 90 4 44 96% 33%

  7. Stimulus Characteristics Pred Rating Cloze Prob ConditionNeuBiasNeuBias LF Low-C 3.70 5.87 0.03 0.64 High-C 3.43 5.76 0.04 0.60 HF Low-C 4.21 6.01 0.04 0.64 High-C 3.98 5.92 0.03 0.60

  8. LF, Low-C He had enjoyed being a clown but it was time to retire. LF, High-C In gym class, he felt like a dwarf next to his classmates. HF, Low-C He bought tickets for the train to Waterloo on the internet. HF, High-C She wanted to talk to the girls about the incident.

  9. LF, Low-C Pierre had entertained kids at the circus for fifty years. He had enjoyed being a clown but it was time to retire. LF, High-C Jamie loved basketball but he was very short for his age. In gym class, he felt like a dwarf next to his classmates. HF, Low-C Stuart did not want to travel to London by bus or plane. He bought tickets for the train to Waterloo on the internet. HF, High-C At school, Miss Jones told only the boys to leave early. She wanted to talk to the girls about the incident.

  10. LF, Low-C He wanted them to be shiny enough to see his face in them. LF, High-C Everything was dusty and it got up my nose as I worked. HF, Low-C He had picked up ones that were too heavy for him to lift. HF, High-C They were extremely happy when they finally succeeded.

  11. LF, Low-C Robert was polishing his shoes before his big job interview. He wanted them to be shiny enough to see his face in them. LF, High-C I couldn’t stop sneezing as I cleaned out the storage room. Everything was dusty and it got up my nose as I worked. HF, Low-C Mark almost hurt himself badly lifting weights in the gym. He had picked up ones that were too heavy for him to lift. HF, High-C The couple eventually got pregnant after trying for months. They were extremely happy when they finally succeeded.

  12. Counterbalancing Neutral Biasing LF HF LF HF Lo-C Hi-CLo-C Hi-CLo-C Hi-CLo-C Hi-C c o n t e x t + Gp1 clown dwarf train girls shinydusty heavyhappy c o n t e x t + Gp2 shinydusty heavyhappy clown dwarf train girls ====== Block 1 ====== ====== Block 2 ======

  13. Method • Participants • 48 (age=23; 30F, 18M) • Apparatus • SR Research Desktop Mount Eyelink 2K (1000 Hz) • 14-point Bit Stream Vera Sans Mono font (non-proportional) • Approx. 4 characters per 1o of visual angle

  14. Data Profile Skip (24%) Reject (2%) 1-Fix (67%) 2-Fix (7%)

  15. Analysis • First Fixation Duration (FFD) • duration of the first instance a word is fixated • Single Fixation Duration (SFD) • duration of first-and-only fixations (majority of cases) • Gaze Duration (GD) • summed duration of successive fixations on a word • Total Time (TT) • GD plus any returning fixations

  16. Effects FFDSFDGDTT Constraint 5 ms 6 ms 7 ms 14 ms [.01, .05] [.01, .05] [.001, .05] [.001, .001] Frequency 8 ms 8 ms 12 ms 13 ms [.001, .01] [.001, .01] [.001, .01] [.01, .01] Context 10 ms 12 ms 17 ms 33 ms [.001, .001] [.001, .001] [.001, .001] [.001, .001] Cstr x Ctxt [.05, .05] [.07, .05] [n.s., n.s.] [n.s., n.s.]

  17. Revenge of the dwarf? Tears of a clown? • Context targets/Biasing < targets/Neutral • Frequency HF < LF • Constraint High-C < Low-C (dwarf) < (clown)

  18. Context (The Equalizer) Low-C High-C Low-C High-C Neutral Biasing

  19. Context (The Equalizer) Low-C High-C Low-C High-C Neutral Biasing

  20. Low-C High-C Low-C High-C Neutral Biasing

  21. Low-C High-C Low-C High-C Neutral Biasing

  22. Low-C High-C Low-C High-C Neutral Biasing

  23. Low-C High-C Low-C High-C Neutral Biasing

  24. Low-C High-C Low-C High-C Neutral Biasing Low-C High-C Low-C High-C Neutral Biasing

  25. Low-C High-C Low-C High-C Neutral Biasing Low-C High-C Low-C High-C Neutral Biasing

  26. Old vs. Spankin’ new dwarf OldNew #Sub 18 48 Design 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 2 #Item/sub/cond 7 11 #Data points 756 4224 (McConkie’s N) Font dot-matrix clear (pixelated) (intrepid)

  27. Dwarf: The next generation? • Parafoveal Magnification • Miellet, O’Donnell, & Sereno (in press) • Compensate for acuity drop-off as a function of retinal eccentricity • On each fixation and in real time, parafoveal text is magnified to functionally equalize its perceptual impact with concurrent foveal text.

  28. Bottom Line • Lexical access in reading –as indexed by FFD, the most immediate measure of processing – is facilitated when a word: • appears in a Biasing context • is of higher Frequency • is of high Constraint, with few trigram neighbors • In sum, every little bit helps.

  29. To my lexically-advantaged friends, Good night and good luck!

  30. Target words (1) LFHF Low-CHigh-CLow-CHigh-C scary itchy ships dirty spade foggy bread knife clown acorn rough uncle steak dizzy theme smoke pearl dwarf grass agent spoon ivory sharp teeth thief ankle track video chalk lemon speed joint salad fibre stone royal stamp piano story hands brass album words light

  31. Target words (2) LFHF Low-CHigh-CLow-CHigh-C froth yolks clock dying scalp foxes proud lists stale muddy chest guard claws dusty plate rugby stain veins crowd sugar stack lions train armed shiny elbow plant image tribe skull heavy girls beard faded stand happy sweat punch start music faint fence white large

  32. Comparison of Studies: Constraint #TrigramN ConditionStudy5-letx-let Low-C L & I 1 5 ours 2 30 High-C L & I 9 80 ours 19 213

  33. Comparison of Studies: LF targets in Neutral contexts FFD GD dwarf clown dwarf clown StudyHi-CLo-CHi-CLo-C L & I (full-line) 231 > 219 256 > 249 Ours 194 < 204 208 < 223 Fix Time Diff: 26 ms 37 ms

  34. Comparison of Studies: Frequency StudyFreqLog-based L&I: Exp1 11 5 Exp2 95 18 Ours: LF 9 7 HF 88 66

  35. Comparison of Studies: Number of Words Before Target StudyNeutralBiasing L & I 2 Ours 5 15

  36. Lexical Decision (42 Ss; 80 items per condition) “clown” “dwarf”

  37. Lexical Decision (42 Ss; 40 items per condition) clown dwarf

  38. LF, Low-C In the morning, she noticed an enormous stain on the carpet. LF, High-C The damage to the victim’s skull was quite sickening. HF, Low-C He missed the start but caught up with the plot quickly. HF, High-C She decided to keep her hands in her pockets for warmth.

  39. LF, Low-C Jill’s friends were drinking red wine all night in her flat. In the morning, she noticed an enormous stain on the carpet. LF, High-C The cause of death was a hammer blow to the head. The damage to the victim’s skull was quite sickening. HF, Low-C Harry was slightly late for the play in the theatre. He missed the start but caught up with the plot quickly. HF, High-C It was a cold day and Barbara had forgotten her gloves. She decided to keep her hands in her pockets for warmth.

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