St. Andrew: Prōtóklētos

2. St. Andrew: Prōtóklētos by Andrea Lorenzo Molinari, Ph.D.

3. Prayer to St. Andrew (Feast Day: Nov. 30th) Glorious Saint Andrew, you were the first to recognize and follow the Lamb of God. With your friend you remained with Jesus for that first day, for your entire life, and now throughout eternity. As you led your brother Saint Peter to Christ and many others after him, draw us also to him. Teach us to lead others to Christ solely out of love for him and dedication in his service. Help us to learn the lesson of the Cross and to carry our daily crosses without complaint so that they may carry us to Jesus.

4. St. Andrew (1629-1633) by François Duquesnoy (St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome)

5. Andrew in the New Testament 4th century painting of St. Andrew from the catacombs of St. Thecla

6. Andrew is only mentioned 13x in the NT (7x in the synoptic; 5x in John and 1x in Acts).

7. Call Stories

8. The Call (Version 1) — Mark 1:16–18 “As Jesus passed along the Sea of Galilee, he saw Simon and his brother Andrew casting a net into the sea — for they were fishermen. And Jesus said to them, ‘Follow me and I will make you fish for people.’ And immediately they left their nets and followed him.”

9. The Calling of the Apostles Peter and Andrew (ca. 1308-1311) By DucciodiBuoninsegna

10. The Calling of the Apostles Peter and Andrew (1370) By Lorenzo Veneziano

11. The Calling of Saints Peter and Andrew (ca. 1603-1606) by Michelangelo Merisida Caravaggio

12. Vocation de Saint Pierre et Saint André By James Tissot, ca. 1886-1894

13. The Call (Version 2) — John 1:35–42 “35 The next day John again was standing with two of his disciples, 36and as he watched Jesus walk by, he exclaimed, ‘Look, here is the Lamb of God!’

14. By OttavioVannini (1585-1643) St. John Showing Christ to Andrew

15. The Call (Version 2) — John 1:35–42 37The two disciples heard him say this, and they followed Jesus. 38When Jesus turned and saw them following, he said to them, ‘What are you looking for?’ They said to him, ‘Rabbi’ (which translated means Teacher), ‘where are you staying?’ 39He said to them, ‘Come and see.’ They came and saw where he was staying, and they remained with him that day. It was about four o’clock in the afternoon.

16. “Rabbi, where are you staying?”

17. The Call (Version 2) — John 1:35–42 40One of the two who heard John speak and followed him was Andrew, Simon Peter’s brother. 41He first found his brother Simon and said to him, ‘We have found the Messiah’ (which is translated Anointed). 42He brought Simon to Jesus, who looked at him and said, ‘You are Simon son of John. You are to be called Cephas’ (which is translated Peter).”

18. “We have found the Messiah.”

19. “After Andrew had stayed with Jesus and had learned much from him, he did not keep this treasure to himself, but hastened to share it with his brother Peter. Notice what Andrew said to him: “We have found the Messiah, that is to say, the Christ.” Notice how his words reveal what he has learned in so short a time. They show the power of the master who has convinced them of this truth. Andrew’s words reveal a soul waiting with the utmost longing for the coming of the Messiah, looking forward to his appearing from heaven, rejoicing when he does appear, and hastening to announce to great an event to others. To support one another in the things of the spirit is the true sign of good will between brothers, loving kinship and sincere affection.” • from a Homily on the Gospel of John by Saint John Chrysostom John Chrysostom (4th century A.D.)

20. The Call (Version 3… almost) — Luke 5:1–11

21. Once while Jesus* was standing beside the lake of Gennesaret, and the crowd was pressing in on him to hear the word of God, 2he saw two boats there at the shore of the lake; the fishermen had gone out of them and were washing their nets. 3He got into one of the boats, the one belonging to Simon, and asked him to put out a little way from the shore. Then he sat down and taught the crowds from the boat. 4When he had finished speaking, he said to Simon, ‘Put out into the deep water and let down your nets for a catch.’ 5Simon answered, ‘Master, we have worked all night long but have caught nothing. Yet if you say so, I will let down the nets.’ 6When they had done this, they caught so many fish that their nets were beginning to break. 7So they signaled to their partners in the other boat to come and help them. And they came and filled both boats, so that they began to sink. 8But when Simon Peter saw it, he fell down at Jesus’ knees, saying, ‘Go away from me, Lord, for I am a sinful man!’ 9For he and all who were with him were amazed at the catch of fish that they had taken; 10and so also were James and John, sons of Zebedee, who were partners with Simon. Then Jesus said to Simon, ‘Do not be afraid; from now on you will be catching people.’ 11When they had brought their boats to shore, they left everything and followed him.

22. Andrew in Jesus’ Ministry

23. John’s Feeding of the 5,000 3Jesus went up the mountain and sat down there with his disciples. 4Now the Passover, the festival of the Jews, was near. 5When he looked up and saw a large crowd coming towards him, Jesus said to Philip, ‘Where are we to buy bread for these people to eat?’ 6He said this to test him, for he himself knew what he was going to do. 7Philip answered him, ‘Six months’ wages* would not buy enough bread for each of them to get a little.’ 8One of his disciples, Andrew, Simon Peter’s brother, said to him, 9‘There is a boy here who has five barley loaves and two fish. But what are they among so many people?’… 13…and from the fragments of the five barley loaves, left by those who had eaten, they filled twelve baskets.

24. In John 12:20–22, Andrew and Philip act to facilitate Greeks who wish to come to see Jesus. Perhaps this is related to Andrew’s later ‘legendary’ connections to Greece as a mission field. 12:20 “Now among those who went up to worship at the festival were some Greeks. 21They came to Philip, who was from Bethsaida in Galilee, and said to him, ‘Sir, we wish to see Jesus.’ 22Philip went and told Andrew; then Andrew and Philip went and told Jesus.” St. Philip the Apostle

25. Resurrection Stories

26. The Incredulity of Saint Thomas by Caravaggio (ca. 1601-1602)

27. The Epistle of the Apostles (ca. mid-2nd century A.D.) 11 Then said the Lord unto Mary and her sisters: Let us go unto them. And he came and found us within, and called us out, but we thought that it was a phantom and believed not that it was the Lord. Then said he unto us: Come, fear ye not. I am your master, even he, O Peter, whom you did deny thrice; and do you now deny again? And we came to him, doubting in our hearts whether it were he. Then said he to us: Why do you still doubt and are unbelieving? I am he that spoke to you of my flesh and my death and my resurrection.

28. But that you may know that I am he, do you, Peter, put your finger into the print of the nails in my hands, and you also, Thomas, put your finger into the wound of the spear in my side; and you, Andrew, look on my feet and see whether they press the earth; for it is written in the prophet: A phantom of a devil makes no footprint on the earth. 12 And we touched him, that we might learn of a truth whether he was risen in the flesh; and we fell on our faces confessing our sin, that we had been unbelieving.

29. The Miraculous Catch of Fish (John 21:1-14)

30. After these things Jesus showed himself again to the disciples by the Sea of Tiberias; and he showed himself in this way. 2Gathered there together were Simon Peter, Thomas called the Twin, Nathanael of Cana in Galilee, the sons of Zebedee, and two others of his disciples. 3Simon Peter said to them, ‘I am going fishing.’ They said to him, ‘We will go with you.’ They went out and got into the boat, but that night they caught nothing. 4Just after daybreak, Jesus stood on the beach; but the disciples did not know that it was Jesus. 5Jesus said to them, ‘Children, you have no fish, have you?’ They answered him, ‘No.’ 6He said to them, ‘Cast the net to the right side of the boat, and you will find some.’ So they cast it, and now they were not able to haul it in because there were so many fish.

31. Now it was the last day of unleavened bread, and many were coming forth of the city and returning unto their own homes because the feast was at an end. But we, the twelve disciples of the Lord, were weeping and were in sorrow, and each one being grieved for that which had happened departed unto his own house. But I, Simon Peter, and Andrew my brother, took our nets and went unto the sea: and there was with us Levi the son of Alphaeus, whom the Lord... Gospel of Peter 14

32. Andrew in the Early Days of the Church

33. Andrew in the Acts of the Apostles and the Election of St. Matthias

34. The only reference to Andrew in Acts is found in 1:13 13When they had entered the city, they went to the room upstairs where they were staying, Peter, and John, and James, and Andrew, Philip and Thomas, Bartholomew and Matthew, James son of Alphaeus, and Simon the Zealot, and Judas son of* James. 14All these were constantly devoting themselves to prayer, together with certain women, including Mary the mother of Jesus, as well as his brothers.

35. Andrew is mentioned (but only obliquely) as being involved in the election… 23So they proposed two, Joseph called Barsabbas, who was also known as Justus, and Matthias. 24Then they prayed and said, ‘Lord, you know everyone’s heart. Show us which one of these two you have chosen 25to take the place* in this ministry and apostleship from which Judas turned aside to go to his own place.’ 26And they cast lots for them, and the lot fell on Matthias; and he was added to the eleven apostles.

36. Andrew’s Mission in the Fathers and Apocryphal Literature

37. The Testimony of the Fathers • Early church traditions about Andrew, which begin in the third century, associate Andrew’s apostolic activity with Asia Minor, Thrace, and Greece (and include his martyrdom in Patras in the north-west Peloponnesus. • Origen, as Eusebius informs us (H.E 3.1), supplies us with the most ancient reference to Andrew outside the New Testament. He tells us that he taught in Scythia (southern Russia).

38. The Testimony of the Fathers (cont.) • In the fourth century, Gregory of Nazianzus speaks of Andrew’s missionary activity in Epirus and associates the mission in Achaia with Luke (Or. 33.11). • Later authors, including Theodoret (In Ps. 116.1), Gaudentius of Brescia (Serm. 17), and Jerome (Ep. 59.5), knew of Andrew’s activity in Achaia. • Basil of Seleucia (d. 459) knew of Andrew’s mission in Scythia, Thrace, and Achaia (Enc. in And. 6; PG 28.1108).

39. Apocryphal Andrew

40. The Acts of Andrew (Early Christian Apocrypha 1;Santa Rosa, Calif.: Polebridge Press, 2005).

41. the oldest mention of the Acts of Andrew (AA) is in the Church historian, Eusebius of Caesarea (H.E. 3.25.6), who lists the AA along with the Acts of John as texts that should be rejected as absurd and impious. • The Coptic Papyrus Utrecht I contains a translation of a section from the AA. This Egyptian papyrus is dated to the fourth century. Acts of Andrew (ca. A.D. 150-200)

42. Sadly, the Acts of Andrew no longer exists in a complete form. It is only available in fragments (e.g., various recensions of the Martyrdom of Andrew and Coptic Papyrus Utrecht I [which corresponds to chapter 18 in Gregory of Tours’ Liber de miraculis]).

43. However, all is not lost. Gregory of Tours (d. 593) wrote a summary or epitome of the AA entitled, Liber de miraculisbeatiAndreaeApostoli. • In his prologue, Gregory explains that he has had the AA in his hands. He has revised them — he states — to remove their prolixity. Gregory is the last Latin witness for the complete text of the AA. • Gregory has 1) suppressed the speeches; 2) probably changed the structure of the narrative; and 3) made the work theologically acceptable to his contemporaries. • In chapter 36, he mentions that there is a Latin version of the martyrdom that is available to his readers.

44. Of course, the most famous scene from the Acts of Andrew is Andrew’s dramatic crucifixion on an “X-shaped” cross…

45. St. Andrew led to the Cross of Martyrdom (ca. 1654-1655) By Carlo Maratta

46. The Crucifixion of St. Andrew (1650-1651) by MattiaPreti (in the church of Sant’ Andrea della Valle, Rome)

47. The Martyrdom of St. Andrew By Bartolome Esteban Murillo (1682)

48. The Martyrdom of St. Andrew (1637)By Peter Paul Rubens

49. A particularly intriguing series of paintings that depict scenes related to St. Andrew’s martyrdom were created by the Frenchman, Jean-BaptisteDeshays (born in Colleville of France in 1729). Around 1758, Deshays received a commission to paint three panels for the Saint Andrew church (i.e., Saint-André-de-la-Porte-aux-Fèvres) of Rouen that had been newly built. Jean-BaptisteDeshays (a self-portrait)

50. The first of the series was rendered in 1758 and entitled, The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew at the Moment when, before being attached to the Cross, one demands of him to adore Idols.