Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

1. Chapter 3 Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

2. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Three Kinds of Attention Processes Divided Attention trying to pay attention to two or more simultaneous messages perform two tasks at the same time Simulated-driving studies Levy and coauthors (2006) braking & tone

3. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Three Kinds of Attention Processes Divided Attention Simulated-driving studies (continued) Strayer and colleagues (2003) hands-free cell phones, traffic, braking inattentional blindness Wikman and colleagues (1998) experienced drivers vs. novices

4. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Three Kinds of Attention Processes Selective Attention respond selectively to certain kinds of information, while ignoring other information people notice little about the irrelevant tasks Dichotic Listening one message presented to left ear and a different message presented to right ear shadow one of the messages

5. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Three Kinds of Attention Processes Selective Attention Dichotic Listening (continued) people notice very little about the unattended message in general, we can process only one message at a time may process the unattended message when 1. both messages are presented slowly 2. the task is not challenging 3. the meaning of the unattended message is relevant

6. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Three Kinds of Attention Processes Selective Attention Dichotic Listening (continued) cocktail party effect working memory

7. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Three Kinds of Attention Processes Selective Attention The Stroop Effect naming the colors of words incongruent words vs. colored patches

8. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Three Kinds of Attention Processes Selective Attention Visual Search The feature-present/feature-absent effect Treisman and Souther (1985)�searching for "circle with the line" or "circle without the line" Royden and colleagues (2001)�moving vs. stationary targets

9. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Visual Search

10. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Three Kinds of Attention Processes In Depth: Saccadic Eye Movements eye movements during reading saccadic eye movement fovea fixation perceptual span

11. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Three Kinds of Attention Processes In Depth: Saccadic Eye Movements (continued) patterns�blank spaces, short words, highly predictable words, misspellings, unusual words good readers vs. poor readers�size of saccadic movements, regressions, pauses meaning of the text�themes, puzzling endings

12. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Explanations for Attention Neuroscience Research on Attention The Orienting Attention Network selecting information from sensory input visual search parietal lobe brain lesions unilateral neglect PET scans

13. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Cerebral Cortex & Attention

14. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Explanations for Attention Neuroscience Research on Attention The Executive Attention Network used when task features conflict inhibiting automatic responses to stimuli Stroop task listening to words and stating use of each word top-down control of attention academic learning The Alerting Attention Network�responsible for sensitivity to new stimuli, alertness, vigilance

15. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Consciousness the awareness people have about the outside world and about their perceptions, images, thoughts, memories, and feelings generally associated with controlled, focused attention that is not automatic

16. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Consciousness Consciousness About Our Higher Mental Processes Nisbett & Wilson (1977) little direct access to our thought processes products vs. processes

17. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 3 Consciousness Consciousness About Our Higher Mental Processes we have only limited access to some thought processes such as: whether our attention is drifting how well we understand something we have read our awareness of step-by-step procedures in a motor activity that has become automatic