Any biotechnological application separated into five major steps/operations:-

1. Any biotechnological application separated into five major steps/operations:- • Strain choice and Improvement • Mass Culture • Optimization of Cell Responses • Process Operation and • Downstream Processing or Product recovery

2. What is Bioprrocess ? • An industrial operation in which living systems are used to transform raw materials into products.

3. Bioprocess engineering is combination of two disciplines- • Scientific disciplines • Is Biotechnology. • Is responsible for translating life science discoveries into practical or useful – products ,processes, and systems. • Engineering disciplines • Is biochemical Engineering. • Is responsible for commercialization of biotechnology.

4. Bioprocess Engineering……. ? • Bioprocess engineering is • the application of engineering principles • to design, develop, and analyze the processes • based on using living cells and components of the cells • to maximize the desired industrial output of product.

5. Most of the bioprocess involving recombinant products, like • engineered enzymes, and • immobilization of cells/enzymes • and require a precise control of fermentation environment. • also require upgradation of processing equipment, so that the use of newer technology for separation and purification need not be overemphasized. Considerable research in these areas has been done during 1990s and early years of the 21st century. Some of these aspects have already been discussed.

6. This multidisciplinary subject is described as bioprocess engineering. • Bioprocess engineering, as in important area of biotechnology research, • Involves industrial production of pharmaceuticals and other industrial products like organic acids, enzymes, vaccines, etc. • The bioprocesses also release a variety of unwanted metabolites associated with useful products. • Separation and purification of useful products from these other associated unwanted metabolites is also needed and is sometimes described as ‘downstream processing’.

7. There are five major application of Bioprocess Engineering : (i) To produce microbial cells (or biomass) as the product. (ii) To produce microbial enzymes. (iii) To produce microbial metabolites. (iv) To produce recombinant products. (v) To modify the compound which is added to the fermentation by the transformation process.

8. The interrelationships between primary and secondary metabolism. Primary catabolic routes are shown in heavy lines and secondarv products are italicized (Turner, 1971). From Principles of Fermentation Technology,- Peter F. Stanbury, Allen Whitaker, Stephen J. Hall, Second Edition,

11. A generalized schematic representation of a typical fermentation process. From Principles of Fermentation Technology,- Peter F. Stanbury, Allen Whitaker, Stephen J. Hall, Second Edition,

12. In developing a product, a Bioprocess Engineer must consider all stages of the manufacturing process. These stases is divided into a number of sections: • in-bound logistics which involves the delivery and storage of raw-materials • upstream processing which involves the processing of raw--materials for the fermentation • the fermentation, where the major conversion occurs • downstream processing, which involves the purification and concentrating of the raw materials • outbound logistics which involves the final packaging, storage and delivery of the purified product

13. What is Biochemical Engineering? Biochemical Engineering has usually meant the extension of chemical engineering principles to systems using a biological catalyst to bring about desired chemical transformations.

14. Bioprocess Engineering vs. Biochemical Engineering • In addition to chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering would include the work of mechanical, electrical, and industrial engineer to apply the principles of their disciplines to processes based on using living cells or subcomponents of such cells.

15. Fermentation: A word with many meanings • Any process involving in the mass culture of microorganisms, either aerobic or anaerobic. • Any biological process that occurs in the absence of O2. • Food spoilage. • The production of alcoholic beverages. • Use of an organic substrate as the electron donor and accepter. • Use of an organic substrate as a reductant, and of the same partially degraded organic as an oxidant. • Growth depend on substrate-level phosphorylation.

16. MICRO-ORGANISMS used in Bio-processes: PROKARYOTIC Unicellular:      bacteria, cyanobacteria                                                    Multicellular:   cyanobacteria  EUKARYOTIC                       Unicellular:      yeasts, algae                                                  Multicellular:   fungi, algae