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Growth Hormone

Growth Hormone. Jessica crownover. GROWTH HORMONE IS….

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Growth Hormone

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  1. Growth Hormone Jessica crownover

  2. GROWTH HORMONE IS… • is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. Growth hormone is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland. Somatotropin (STH) refers to the growth hormone 1 produced naturally in animals, whereas the term somatropin refers to growth hormone produced by recombinant DNA technology,1 and is abbreviated "HGH" in humans.

  3. Gene Iocus • Genes for human growth hormone, known as growth hormone 1 and 2, are localized in the q22-24 region of chromosome 1734 and are closely related to human chronis somatomammotropin genes. GH, human chorionic somatomammotropin, and proclantin belong to a group of hormones with growth-promoting and lactogenic activity.

  4. STRUCTURE • The major isoform of the human growth hormone is a protein of 191amnio acids and a molecular weight of 22,124 daLTONS. The structure includes four helices necessary for functional interaction with the GH receptor. It appears that, in structure, GH is evolutionarily homologous to prolactin and chorionic somatomammotropin. Despite marked structural similarities between growth hormone from different species, only human and monkey growth hormones have significant effects on.

  5. Normal functions of GH • Effects of growth hormone on the tissues of the body can generally be described as anabolic (building up). Like most other protein hormones, GH acts by interacting with a specific receptor on the surface of cells. • Increased height during childhood is the most widely known effect of GH. Height appears to be stimulated by at least two mechanisms:

  6. Problems caused by too much of GH… • The most common disease of GH excess is a pituitary tumor composed of somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary. These somatotroph adenomas are benign and grow slowly, gradually producing more and more GH. For years, the principal clinical problems are those of GH excess. Eventually, the adenoma may become large enough to cause headaches, impair vision by pressure on the optic nerves, or cause deficiency of other pituitary hormones by displacement. • Prolonged GH excess thickens the bones of the jaw, fingers and toes. Resulting heaviness of the jaw and increased size of digits is referred to as acromegaly. Accompanying problems can include sweating, pressure on nerves, muscle weakness, excess sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), insulin resistance or even a rare form of type 2 diabetes, and reduced sexual function.

  7. TREATMENTS • Treatment with exogenous GH is indicated only in limited circumstances,31 and needs regular monitoring due to the frequency and severity of side-effects. GH is used as replacement therapy in adults with GH deficiency of either childhood-onset (after completing growth phase) or adult-onset (usually as a result of an acquired pituitary tumor). In these patients, benefits have variably included reduced fat mass, increased lean mass, increased bone density, improved lipid profile, reduced cardiovascular risk factors, and improved psychosocial well-being.

  8. NON-MEDICAL USE USED IN ATHLETES • Athletes in many sports have used human growth hormone in order to attempt to enhance their athletic performance. Some recent studies have not been able to support claims that human growth hormone can improve the athletic performance of professional male athletes. Many athletic societies ban the use of GH and will issue sanctions against athletes who are caught using it. In the United States, GH is legally available only by prescription from a medical doctor.

  9. EFFECTS • Direct effects are the result of growth hormone binding its receptor on target cells. Fat cells , for example, have growth hormone receptors, and growth hormone stimulates them to break down triglyceride and supresses their ability to take up and accumulate circulating lipids. • Indirect effects are mediated primarily by a growth factor a hormone that is secreted from the liver and other tissues in response to growth hormone. A majority of the growth promoting effects of growth hormone is actually due to IGF-I acting on its target cells

  10. Too much GH can result in this…

  11. THE END

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