Chapter 15: The Age of Religious Wars and European Expansion

1. Chapter 15: The Age of Religious Wars and European Expansion

2. I. Politics, Religion and War • Spanish French War ended in 1559: Spain Wins: LED TO WARS ON RELIGIOUS AND NATIONAL ISSUES • These wars used bigger armies and gunpowder; need larger organization • Religious passions stirred all strata of society • Governments use propaganda to sway public opinion

3. Why Did France Lose to Spain? • DIFFICULTIES IN FRANCE (1515-1559) • 1. Recovering from plague and disorder • 2. French kings spent too much money • 3. Wars with Charles V (Hapsburg) too costly • 4. Kings sold public offices to raise money

4. Religious Riots and Civil War in France • 1. French nobility (some Calvinist) seek to regain power from Catholic monarchs • 2. Frequent religious riots symbolized the struggle for power in the upper classes • 3. Saint Bartholomew’s day massacre of Calvinists led to the War of the Three Henrys, fighting over secular power • 4. King Henry IV’s Edict of Nantes (1598) : saves further war by letting Protestants worship

5. Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

6. The Netherlands under Charles V • Revolt of the Netherlands (1556-1587) • 1. Calvinism amongst merchants and financiers. • 2. Regent Margaret attempted to destroy Protestantism with an Inquisition. Raised taxes. • 3. Led to destruction of many Catholic churches • 4. Duke of Alva and his Spanish troops sent by Phillip II to crush these disturbances. • How is Spain connected? • Low Countries Split: Spanish South, Protestant North

7. Queen Elizabeth ruled 1533-1603 • Powerful and popular queen; encouraged English expansion. • Sir Francis Drake one of England’s best “Sea Dogs” – pirates who went after Spanish ships • Supported the Northern, Protestant s

8. Phillip II and the Spanish Armada • Spent much time in prayer • Did not believe in religious toleration • Phillip II supported Mary Queen of Scotland’s plot to kill Queen Elizabeth • Planned attack against England

9. Back in England with Elizabeth • Spanish Armada Catholic Spanish King Phillip II assembles Armada for England 1588 – Spanish enter English Waters! -English sea dogs and huge storm! “The Protestant Wind”

10. Defeat of the Spanish Armada Spain Starts To Self Destruct

11. Importance of Spanish Armada • 1) England’s navy dominates- strengthens reputation for strongest ocean power. • 2) Weakened Spain’s fighting capabilities • Defeat would prevent Spain from unifying western Europe. • 3) England: now strong, unified country under popular monarch; religious unity,. • 4) 1609- Peace treaty with Spain • Recognized the independence of the United provinces.

12. The Thirty Years’ war (1618-1648) • 1. Protestant Bohemian revolt over religious freedom led to war in Germany • 4 phases to War: • Bohemian- wipes out Protestantism • Danish- led to further Catholic victory • Swedish- Ended Habsburg plan to unite germany • French- Destroyed Germany and Netherlands gains independence.

13. II. Discovery, Reconnaissance and Expansion (1450-1650) • European mastery of • 1. ocean travel • 2. increased migration • 3. economic, political and cultural expansion

14. Prince Henry, the Navigator Portuguese pushed south from North Africa By 1500 Portugal controlled the flow of gold to Europe Diaz, da Gama, and Cabral est. trading routes to India Portuguese gained control of Indian trade by overpowering Muslim forts • School for Navigation, 1419

15. Zheng He’s Voyages • In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

16. A Map of the Known World,pre- 1492

17. New Weapons Technology

18. Museum of Navigationin Lisbon

19. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

20. Motives for European Exploration Desire to Christainize the Muslims and pagan peoples Limited economic and political opportunity for upperclass men in Spain Government “Encouragement” Spices/ New World Economic Motive: material profit

21. Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

22. The Problems of Christopher Columbus • Until recently most historians agreed that Columbus was a great hero who carried Christianity to the New World. • Now we know he enslaved and killed Indians, did not discover a new continent. • Columbus saw a connection between expulsion of the Moors and his task as Christian missionary

23. Columbus’ Four Voyages Principle objective to find a direct route To Asia Set up government in the islands Paved the way for Spanish imperial administration

24. The “Columbian Exchange”

25. Other Voyages of Exploration

26. 1519 Magellan sailed • In the name of Spain • Proved earth was round

27. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

28. The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

29. The Death of Montezuma II

30. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

31. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

32. Effects of Spain’s Discoveries • Enormous amounts of gold and silver • European pop rises, inflation rises • Colonial administration

33. Treasuresfrom the Americas!

34. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

35. IV. Changing Attitudes • Sexism, racism and skepticism due to wars of religion: breeds uncertainty and confusion • Status of Women declined • 1. Literature on Women and Marriage: subservient wife, • 2. prostitution were common and brothels were licensed • 3. women would find freedom in marriage and sex • Very oppressive

36. Witch Hunt • Witch: defined as a person who worked for the devil • Unexplainable everyday misfortunes led to rise in belief of witches • Society drifts toward intellectual and social conformity: many people executed • Witch hunting is misogyny and misunderstanding of women

37. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

38. The Slave Trade • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. • Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. • Sugar cane & sugar plantations. • First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. • 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries. • Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas. • African kings and dealers sold black slaves to European merchants. First slaves were brought to Brazil • Settlers had racial attitudes they had absorbed in Europe which depicted blacks as primitive and inferior.

39. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

40. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

41. African CaptivesThrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

42. Literature and Art • Religious Wars AND intellectual and artistics! • Origins of modern skepticism – Montaigne • Elizabethan and Jacobean literature • - Shakespeare • Baroque art and Music