Chapter 20 National Security Policymaking

1. Chapter 20National Security Policymaking Carlos A. Morales AP Government

2. American Foreign Policy • Foreign policy: involves choice-taking about relations with the rest of the world. • Instruments of Foreign Policy • Military • Economic • Diplomacy

3. Military, Economic, and Diplomacy • Within foreign policy, the United States has used military force to topple regimes, prevent democratic governments from toppling, and even aid in the transfer of power within other countries. • Such actions have often secured United States as an ally in other countries.

4. Military, Economic, and Diplomacy • Economic factors also play an influence on foreign policy because just like wealthy people converse with other wealthy people, the United States must make decisions regarding countries that could help America in the future. • It also dictates the importance of certain objectives such as the trade regulations and control of oil.

5. Military, Economic, and Diplomacy • Diplomacy is the process in which nations carry out relationships with each other. • Negotiators usually work out treaties covering all kinds of national contracts. • These include economic relations to aid for stranded tourists.

7. International Organizations • Organization with an international membership, scope, or presence. • Two types: • International nongovernmental organizations • Nongovernmental that operate internationally. • Examples: International Committee of the Red Cross, Toyota, Sony, Nintendo, etc.

8. International Organizations • Intergovernmental organizations • Examples: UN, EU, NATO, etc. • The UN, created in 1945, is an organization whose members agree to renounce war and to respect certain human and economic freedoms.

9. International Organizations • NATO- Created in 1949, an organization whose members include the United States, Canada, most Western European nations, and Turkey, all of whom agreed to combine military forces and to treat a war against one as a war against all. • EU- An alliance of the major Western European nations that coordinates monetary, trade, immigration and labor policies, making its members one economic unit.

10. Policy Makers • The President • Negotiates treaties • Deploys American troops abroad • Appoints US ambassadors

11. Policy Makers • The Diplomats • Secretary of State is the head of the Department of State and is a key advisor to the president on foreign policy.

12. Policy Makers • National Security Establishment • Department of Defense is key foreign policy actor. • Created after World War II, the Defense Department consist of the U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force. • Secretary of Defense is civilian advisor to the president on national defense matters. • Each of the services commanding officers, along with other associates, constitute the Joint Chiefs of Staff. • Advise the president on military policy.

13. Policy Makers • National Security Establishment • CIA • Agency created after World War II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad. • Collects information through espionage. • Has involvement with other nations' internal affairs.

14. Policy Makers • Congress • Authority to declare war, organize the armed forces, and appropriate funds for national security. • Senate ratifies treaties and confirms appointments.

15. American Foreign Policy Overview • The United States followed Isolationism until World War II. • Isolationism is a foreign policy course whereby the United States has tried to stay out of other nations’ conflicts, particularly European wars. Isolationism was reaffirmed by the Monroe Doctrine.

16. American Foreign Policy Overview • The Cold War • War by other than military means usually emphasizing ideological conflict. • End of WWII, US was super power • Helped Europe rebuild through the Marshall Plan. • NATO was created due to the strong military alliance between the US and Western Europe.

17. American Foreign Policy Overview • Soviet Union didn’t cooperate and Eastern Europe was fell under soviet domination. • Containment Doctrine arose in order to stop the soviets expansion. • Containment Doctrine is a foreign policy strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, “contain”its advances, and resist its encroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if necessary.

19. American Foreign Policy Overview • Height of the Cold War was 1950 • During this time, industry was manufacturing a lot more military vehicles and weapons. • Known as military-industrial complex • And when the Soviets produced more weaponry than the United States, the United States would use that as a reason to produce even more weapons. • This was known as an arms race.

21. American Foreign Policy Overview • Vietnam War • Communism in North Vietnam was spreading and the US tried to stop it by helping South Vietnam • Catastrophe that ended with 58,159 US servicemen fatalities. • Occurred during the Cold War Period and ended with the capture of Saigon

23. American Foreign Policy Overview • The Era of Détente • Supported by Richard Nixon • This was a slow transformation from conflict thinking to cooperative thinking in foreign policy strategy and policymaking. • This was done in order to ease the tensions between the superpowers, coupled with firm guarantees of mutual security.

24. American Foreign Policy Overview • End of the Cold War • 1989, President Bush speaks about integrating the Soviet Union into the community of nations. • 1989, Berlin Wall falls and East and West Germany are united. • 1992, Boris Yeltsin addressed a joint session of the U.S. Congress that communism will never rise again. • West, led by the United States, won.

25. American Foreign Policy Overview • The War on Terrorism • United States declared war on terrorism following the September 11,2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington • “Axis of Evil” were formed by Iraq, Iran, and North Korea.

26. The Politics of Defense Policy • Within American defense policy, the United States requires forces and equipment sufficient to: • Win decisively a single major conflict • Defend American territory against new threats • Conduct a number of holding actions elsewhere around the world • The defense policy can be broken down into three factors: • Defense spending (Money) • Personnel (Human Resources) • Weapons (Technology)

27. The Politics of Defense Policy • Defense Spending • It accounts for 1/5 of the federal budget

28. The Politics of Defense Policy • Personnel • Americas defense has been based on it military force and its weapons.

29. The Politics of Defense Policy • Weapons • Military weapons are not cheap! • Consist of ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles), SLBMs (submarine-launched ballistic missiles), and strategic bombers. • Stealth Bombers cost $1,000,000,000 • Cost of building nuclear weapons has been $5,500,000,000,000 • Under the terms of the INF treaty (intermediate-range nuclear forces), there can be no more than 2,500 nuclear weapons were to be destroyed.

32. The New Global Agenda • Decreasing Role of Military Power • Some say that nowadays, issues can’t be solved through military force. • The hippies, uh, I mean people, believe that “soft power” is crucial to national security. • “Soft power” is the ability of a country to persuade others to do what it wants without force or coercion.

33. The New Global Agenda • Nuclear Proliferation • Technology has allowed the creation of nuclear weapons but the US has taken an initiative in denying these weapons to rogue states. • Countries with nuclear weapons: • US, Russia, Britain, France, China, India, and Pakistan • Countries that are suspected of having undeclared nuclear weapons: • Israel and North Korea • Countries seeking nuclear weapons: • Iran

34. The New Global Agenda • International Economy • Interdependency is the modern word used to describe international economy. • Interdependency is the actions of nations that affect one another's economic lifelines. • Within international trades, tariffs are placed. • They act as special taxes that are added to imported goods that raises the price which allows American businesses and workers from foreign competition. • Balance of trade is the ratio of what is paid for imports to what is earned from exports. • Lately, the US has been paying more for imports than it is receiving from exports. This is the reason the value of the dollar has declined.

35. The New Global Agenda • International Economy • Energy • One of our import payments is to OPEC • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is an economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.