National Security Policymaking

1. National Security Policymaking 18

2. Video: The Big Picture 18 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Edwards_Ch18_National_Security_Policymaking_Seg1_v2.html

3. 18 Learning Objectives Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy 18.1 Outline the evolution of and major issues in American foreign policy through the end of the Cold War 18.2

4. 18 Learning Objectives Explain the major obstacles to success in the war on terrorism 18.3 Identify the major elements of U.S. defense policy 18.4

5. 18 Learning Objectives Analyze the evolving challenges for U.S. national security policy 18.5 Assess the role of democratic politics in making national security policy and the role of national security policy in expanding government 18.6

6. Video: The Basics 18 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg2_ForeignDefense_v2.html

7. American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers 18.1 • Instruments of Foreign Policy • Actors on the World Stage • The Policymakers

8. Instruments of Foreign Policy Military War, threat of war Economic Almost as important as war Sanctions, tariffs, regulations Diplomatic Treaties, summit talks First option 18.1

9. Iran and the Instruments of Foreign PolicyFollow the links….Read the Articles…How have sanctions been used as an instrument of foreign policy? US State Department Iranian Sanctions http://www.state.gov/e/eb/tfs/spi/iran/index.htm Iran-U.S. differences over nuclear deal widen Oren Dorell, USA TODAY 4:51 a.m. EDT April 18, 2015 • http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/04/17/politics-and-details-divide-usa-and-iran-on-nuclear-deal/25944199/

10. International organizations United Nations 18.1 Actors on the World Stage

11. 18.1 UN health programs

12. Regional organizations NATO, EU Multinational corporations Nongovernmental organizations Terrorists Individuals 18.1 Actors on the World Stage

13. The Policymakers President Chief diplomat/Commander in chief Treaties, executive agreements Diplomats State Dept./Secretary of State Bureaucratic and intransigent National security establishment Joint Chiefs of Staff Secretary of Defense CIA Congress 18.1

14. 18.1 Foreign policy makers

15. 18.1 18.1 Who’s the president’s main foreign policy adviser? • Secretary of state • Secretary of defense • Vice president • Secretary of war

16. 18.1 18.1 Who’s the president’s main foreign policy adviser? • Secretary of state • Secretary of defense • Vice president • Secretary of war

17. American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War 18.2 • Isolationism • The Cold War

18. Isolationism Foreign policy doctrine until World War II Monroe Doctrine 18.2

19. 18.2 FIGURE 18.1: U.S. military interventions in Central America and the Caribbean since 1900

20. Isolationism Foreign policy doctrine until World War II League of Nations United Nations 18.2

21. The Cold War Containment Stop spread of communism Brinkmanship Arms race/MAD 18.2

22. 18.2 Berlin Wall

23. The Cold War Vietnam War Era of détente Reagan rearmament Final thaw in the Cold War 18.2

24. 18.2 Berlin Wall falls

25. 18.2 18.2 Why didn’t the U.S. join the League of Nations? • President Wilson refused to sign the treaty • The U.S. was not invited to join • The Senate refused to ratify the treaty • The U.S. did join the League of Nations

26. 18.2 18.2 Why didn’t the U.S. join the League of Nations? • President Wilson refused to sign the treaty • The U.S. was not invited to join • The Senate refused to ratify the treaty • The U.S. did join the League of Nations

27. Discussion: International Government?? • The United Nations grew out of Wilson’s vision of a “League of Nations” that would work in cooperation to mitigate and mediate disputes among sovereign states. • Is such a vision possible among sovereign states?

28. Video: In Context 18.2 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg3_ForeignDefense_v2.html

29. American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism 18.3 • Spread of Terrorism • Afghanistan and Iraq

30. Spread of Terrorism 9/11 not first attack Difficult to defend against in open society Stealth, surprise, willingness to die Improved security and intelligence Clash with civil liberties 18.3

31. 18.3

32. Afghanistan and Iraq U.S. declares war on terrorism Axis of evil Iran, Iraq, North Korea Nation building Anti-American sentiments 18.3

33. 18.3 18.3 Why haven’t we yet won the war on terror? • Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists, despite the killing of Osama bin Laden • Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it enjoys high-level government support • Anti-American sentiment has grown in the Muslim world due to U.S. military action in the Middle East • All of the above

34. 18.3 18.3 Why haven’t we yet won the war on terror? • Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists, despite the killing of Osama bin Laden • Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it enjoys high-level government support • Anti-American sentiment has grown in the Muslim world to due to U.S. military action in the Mid East • All of the above

35. Video: In the Real World 18.3 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg5_ForeignDefense_v2.html

36. Defense Policy 18.4 • Defense Spending • Personnel • Weapons • Reforming Defense Policy

37. Defense Spending Guns v. butter Is there a trade-off? Ideological disputes Where the real guns v. butter battle takes place Peace dividend v. jobs 18.4

38. 18.4 FIGURE 18.2: Trends in defense spending

39. Personnel Large standing military 1.4 million active duty 847,000 National Guard and reserves 300,000 deployed abroad National Guard maintains national security 18.4

40. 18.4 FIGURE 18.3: Size of the armed forces

41. Weapons Nuclear weapons ICBMs Submarine-launched ballistic missiles Strategic bombers Weapons are expensive $2 billion to build a stealth bomber $5.5 trillion Arms reduction treaties 18.4

42. 18.4 Nuclear (INF) treaty

43. Reforming Defense Policy Changing nature of threats Lighter, faster, more flexible Better intelligence Increased use of Special Forces 18.4

44. 18.4 18.4 How many active duty troops does the U.S. currently maintain? • 847,000 • 562,000 • 1.4 million • 1.2 million

45. 18.4 18.4 How many active duty troops does the U.S. currently maintain? • 847,000 • 562,000 • 1.4 million • 1.2 million

46. The New National Security Agenda 18.5 • Changing Role of Military Power • Nuclear Proliferation • International Economy • Energy • Foreign Aid

47. Changing Role of Military Power Soft power versus hard power Humanitarian interventions Increasingly necessary Violate sovereignty Can cost American lives Economic sanctions Influence behavior without force Cut off aid, trade embargoes Mixed record of success 18.5

48. Nuclear Proliferation 9 nuclear powers United States, Russia, Britain, France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel How to prevent more? Special concerns about Iran, North Korea, Pakistan 18.5

49. 18.5 FIGURE 18.4: The spread of nuclear weapons

50. The International Economy Interdependency International Trade Globalization of financial markets Nontariff barriers to trade Balance of Trade What we buy from them versus what they buy from us $558 billion deficit in 2011 18.5