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UNIT V 1963-1991

UNIT V 1963-1991. CHINA. BACKGROUND - After losing Sino-Japanese war (1894-95), China was embarrassed & ripe for the picking. - Imperialists Brt., Fr., Germ., Russia, & Japan all ventured into Chinese markets => US = Open Door Policy

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UNIT V 1963-1991

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  1. UNIT V 1963-1991

  2. CHINA BACKGROUND - After losing Sino-Japanese war (1894-95), China was embarrassed & ripe for the picking. - Imperialists Brt., Fr., Germ., Russia, & Japan all ventured into Chinese markets => US = Open Door Policy Boxer Rebellion (1900) – China attacked & removed foreigners. Sun Yat-sen - 1911 Sun Yat-Sen pushed out imperialists & became 1st President. Removed 5 Yr. Old leader of Manchu Dynasty. Wanted a democratic gov’t to help peasants. Established Kuomintang (KMT) – People’s Nationalist Party Note – China would go thru 2 decades of turmoil (WWI, Power struggles etc.) Pu Yi 5 yr. old

  3. CHINA CHIANG By 1920s Kuomintang (KMT) joined with communists to battle warlords fighting over Chinese rule. KMT was run by Chiang but Communist Mao was giving him a run for his money. Chiang turned on Communists. Chiang Kai-shek Chiang used red Stained necks to Id communists RISE OF MAO Mao organized Communists to fight Chiang. - Recognized importance of peasants over workers. - Guerilla war tactics / ‘Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) - Gained support by being loyal & helping to peasants. Long March – 1000s of miles & many battles. Mao Zedong Chiang used red Necks to ID Commis

  4. CHINA Manchurian Invasion • 1930s JAPANESE INVASION OF MANCHURIA • Chiang fought Mao / Mao fought Japanese => Mao won support!!! • Chaing forced to = weal alliance with Mao to fight Japanese. • After WW II Americans sided with Chiang but Mao defeated. • Chiang forced to Taiwan . • MAO = PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (1949) • - Not recognized in UN. • Why Mao won revolution. • 1. Won hearts of the people (Japanese/ peasants) • 2. Chiang became US puppet. • 3. Chiang corrupt / favoured wealthy Chiang forced To Taiwan Chiang = US Puppet

  5. MAO’S CHINA PROBLEMS MAO FACED 1. Japan & Russia looted industry. 2. Corrupt gov’t left devastated economy. 3. Extreme wealth dominated extreme poverty. MAO’S GOALS 1. Be a flexible communist. Felt Stalin was too strict => Encourage Collective farms not force. 2. Increase prestige of peasants => Landowners persecuted. Mao with Chinese peasants

  6. MAO’S CHINA • INDUSTRY’S 5 YR. PLAN • Slowly nationalize / unlike Stalin. • Reward with good jobs / • 1954 Soviet style 5 yr. plan • Focus on heavy industry. • consumer goods lacked. CULTURAL REVOLUTION (1966-69) Mao felt many were moving away from His version of communism. Mao feared a new oligarchy appearing. Red Guards attacked - revisionists (capitalist views) - specialists (non-labourers) - education (true communism) • 100 FLOWERS CAMPAIGN • At 1stencouraged science & • criticism. • Too much criticism ended • campaign but membership up • professionals acquired. GREAT LEAP FORWARDFAILED DUE TO : Full on communism. 1. Too much too quick 2nd 5 yr. plan2. Floods & drought Central planning => local planning / small communes. 3. Russia pulled support Absence of machines replaced by labour

  7. CHINA SINO-SOVIET SPLIT After WW II China accepted Soviet aid & help. By 1950, things were to change. Reasons for Sino-Soviet split 1. Little Russian help in Korea. 2. Russian industrial help slowed. 3. Soviets saw China as a satellite. 4. Soviets said no to nukes. 5. “Peaceful coexistence” assumed China not an equal (2 superpowers) 6. Khrushchev’s visit to USA = weak. CHINA IN 1980 Mao died & Deng in power 1. Opened trade 2. Eased communist rules. 1989 Tiananmen Square Today = “Open Totalitarian” 1970 Ping Pong Diplomacy led Nixon To China Khrushchev & Mao during Better times

  8. THE END OF THE COLD WAR Mid 80s Gorbachev’s USSR could not keep pace ($$$) - Proposed massive cuts - Perestroika – Reconstruction - Glasnost – Openess - Encourage other Soviet Bloc nations to follow. 1991 USSR had collapsed. Member Republics = Independence Yeltsin = Democracy COLD WAR CONTINUES Note– In 1970s USSR winning arms race; 1980s Reagan was to change that. USA- increases budget - Supported questionable right wing gov’ts -Nicaragua- US supported Contras?? USSR – Supported Pro-Communist struggles. EVENTS– USSR shoots down S. Korean airliner over Soviet airspace. - USA invades Communist Grenada (Caribbean) CANADA– Trudeau appeals to both for more restraint. - Mulroney forge closer US ties. 1983 Strategic Defence Initiative (‘Star Wars’) Can. Eventually backed out. Too much $ & US ties. Soviets Criticized as $ encouraging more ‘Nukes’ 1980s COLD WAR CHINA Encouraged Peresroika => Capitalism Freedoms crushed in Tianaanmen Square

  9. CHINA

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