UNIT V

1. UNIT V 1750CE-1900CE

2. Big Picture Questions of UNIT V – 1750CE-1900CE • How are the events of this time period interconnected? • Why did nationalism grow during this time period? How did the impact of nationalism vary among different countries? • How and why does change occur? • How did the environment impact industrial and economic development?

3. Key Developments of UNIT V – 1750CE-1900CE • The Industrial Revolution and its consequences, especially as it impacted social and economic developments in Europe and European imperialism in Africa and Asia. • The loss of Europe’s holdings in the Americas due to revolutionary movements. • The political restructuring and formation of strong centralized nation-states in Europe.

4. 2nd Agricultural Revolution • Cause: • The introduction of high yield crops from the New World like potatoes and corn • What Changed? • Crop rotation and the enclosure of land • New technology: • New machines for plowing, seeding, and reaping • Chemical fertilizers • Led to: • The natural outgrowth of urbanization, especially where resources such as iron, coal, water, and soon railroads were available for manufacturing.

5. Technological Innovations • Revolution in the Cotton Industry • Domestic system, where cotton was woven into cloth in homes/small shops, was part of an inefficient, highlylabor-intensive arrangement. • Flying shuttle and spinning jenny sped up the weaving and spinning process; add in water power started by Richard Arkwright and Eli Whitney’s cotton gin (processes cotton) and the textile industry was taken out of the home and into the mills. • Revolution in Transportation • The invention of James Watt’s steam engine in 1769 led to the building of the first steamship by Robert Fulton and the first steam powered locomotive by George Stephenson. • Led to empire building and global trade, especially by the British who had the vast amounts of coal needed to power the steam engine. • By the tail end of the period, the internal combustion engine, invented in 1885 by Gottlieb Daimler, will lead to the creation and mass production of cars. • Revolution in Communication • The invention of the telegraph (Samuel Morse) and soon the telephone (Alexander Graham Bell) will lead to the increased communication across great distances. • Toward the tail end of the period,the world is also given the radio (Guglielmo Marconi).

6. The Factory System • Eli Whitney’s Interchangeable Parts: • Machines and their parts were produced uniformly so that they could easily be replaced when something broke down. • Henry Ford’s Assembly Line • Each factory worker added only one part to a finished product, on after another, eliminating individuality in the workplace. • Effects of the Factory System: • Workers overworked, underpaid, and put in harm’s way • Exposed the workers to air pollution and hazardous machinery • Created despair and hopelessness in the daily lives

7. Social and Economic Changes • Adam Smith’s Impact: • Developed the idea in “The Wealth of Nations” of the free market system where individuals own the means of production and sell their products and services in a free and open market. • Karl Marx’s Impact: • Pointed out in his “Communist Manifesto” that the factory workers had genuine opportunities but were being exploited as a consequence of capitalism; the working class would eventually revolt and take control of the means of production; led to communism and socialism. • Conditions Improve in the Factories and in Life: • Labor Unions - Vehicles in which thousands of employees bargained for better working conditions, or threatened to strike, thereby shutting down the factory. • Social Mobility – the ability of a person to work his way up from one social class to the next. • Abolishment of slavery began in the early 1800s in Britain and the US, along with the outlawing of the ownership of slaves. • Women’s Suffrage Movement – the organization of women to increase their collective influence, especially in terms of the right to vote.

8. The European Justification • Factory system demanded an immense amount of natural resources; would lead the Europeans to amassing incredible wealth through colonizing resource rich regions without compensating the natives. • Ethnocentrism • (1) Social Darwinism – the application of Charles Darwin’s biological theory of natural selection to sociology. • (2) the belief that Europeans were not only superior but that they had a moral obligation to dominate/teach other people how to be civilized. (Rudyard Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden”)

9. European Imperialism in India • During the Seven Years War, England and France battle for supremacy of Europe, North America, and India (England swept each) • British East India Company • Under the direction of Robert Clive, they successfully conquered areas of India and took advantage of the weakening Mughals • Sepoy Mutiny • A rebellion of the Indian Sepoys (Indians who worked for the British) failed miserably and forced the British Parliament to step in, making it a crown colony (The Raj).

10. European Imperialism in China • The Opium Wars • Britain introduced opium to the Chinese in 1773 and it took hold; the Chinese emperor released an edict forbidding further sale or use of the opium, of which the British would have none of it. • Over a series of years, the British and Chinese fought a war over the Opium trade that led to the opening of all of China to European trade • Began the diminishing of China as a world power and allowed for the establishment of spheres of influence (the carving up of China economically) and the Open Door Policy (giving the US a piece of the trading privileges). • Boxer Rebellion • An organized response to the Manchu governments’ defeats and concessions to the Western Powers and Japan, and the attempt to drive the Europeans and Japanese out of China; failed miserably and led to further concessions.

11. European Imperialism in Africa • South Africa • Valuable to the Europeans only for shipping and military reasons • Boer War – led South Africa to become a significant British colony after the discovery of diamonds and gold in the interior. • Egypt • In 1805, Muhammad Ali defeated the French and the Ottomans, gaining control of Egypt, industrializing the country and directing the expansion of agriculture toward cotton production • Abbas I worked with the French to construct the Suez Canal, which when completed in 1869 became a pivotal economic and military point of contention, especially for the British (getting to India) • The Berlin Conference – 1884 • A European delegation that set up rules for how future colonization rights and boundaries would be determined in Africa (carved up the continent in the Scramble for Africa) • Stripped Africa of its resources; separated colonial territories based on European concerns, not on African history and culture

12. Japanese Imperialism • In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry from the US arrived in Japan on a steamboat, opened the doors to Japan, and showed the Japanese their inability to compete economically and militarily with the industrialized world. • Meiji Restoration • Era of Japanese westernization, abolished the samurai class as an institution, and creating universal military service among all males • Sino- (control of Taiwan and Korea) and Russo- (sphere of influence in Manchuria) Japanese Wars in the 1890s led to their status as a world power.

13. US Imperialism • The United States • As industrialization enriched and empowered the United States in the late 19th century, the country also began to experiment with imperialism. • Alaska • Hawaii • The Spanish American War in 1898 • Took over the Philippine Islands and Cuba, bringing the United States onto the world stages as a power to be reckoned with.

14. Political Revolutions: American • Causes of the American Revolution: • Seven Years War (French and Indian War) • Fight between the English and the French that resulted in the British gaining possession of lands worldwide; British didn’t feel like the colonists adequately paid for the war while the American colonists claimed it was their efforts that made colonial expansion possible • Taxes • Britain passed the Revenue, Stamp, and Tea acts to raise funds for the British crown (no taxation without representation) • Impact of the Enlightenment • Thomas Paine “Common Sense” – urged colonist to support the movement, assailed the monarchy as an encroachment on Americans’ natural rights and appealed to the colonists to form a better government. (led to the Declaration of Independence) • Alliance with France • In 1777, the French committed ships, soldiers, weapons, and money to the cause, leading to their victory in 1781 at the Battle of Yorktown

15. Political Revolutions: French, Part I • Luis XVI and the Estates General • Louis XVI called on the Estates General to help his raises taxes for their costly war debts; the Estates General was composed of three estates (1st – clergy, 2nd – nobility, 3rd – peasants and bourgeoisie or 95% of the population) • Third Estate, fearful of being shut out of the new constitution, began to push anarchy across the countryside; wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man that recognized natural rights, abolished the feudal system, altered the Catholic monopoly, and controlled the king. • The Reign of Terror • The Committee of Public Safety, led by Maximilien Robespierre, was the all powerful enforcer of the revolution and murderer of anyone suspected of anti-revolutionary tendencies; killed tens of thousands by the guillotine.

16. Political Revolutions: French, Part II • Napoleon • Overthrew the Directory of France in 1799 and declared himself First Consul under the new constitution. • Napoleonic Codes – recognized the equality of French citizens and institutionalized some of the Enlightenment ideas • Napoleonic Wars – conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and parts of Italy; lost power after attempting a blockade of Britain and having to deal with nationalistic uprising in Italy, Spain, and Portugal; finally forced into exile after his devastating retreat from Moscow.; Napoleon came back to rally support but was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo. • The Congress of Vienna • Tried to restore the royal order of Europe, which would only last so long.

17. Independence Movements: Latin America • Haiti • Toussaint L’Ouverture - In 1801, under the leadership of Toussaint, the Haitians began the first slave revolt; Toussaint would be captured and killed, leading his lieutenant Jacques Dessalines to create the first independent Latin American nation. • South America • Simon Bolivar • Spurred the independence movement of Gran-Columbia in South America, taking the opportunity of a weakened Spain (dealing with Napoleon) to win their freedom. • Jose de San Martin • Spurred the independence movement of Argentina • The Effects of the Latin American Independence Movements: • Even with Latin American Independence from their colonial powers, it wasn’t accompanied by widespread freedom among a vast majority of citizens: • The Catholic Church remained a powerful force and protected the status quo • The economies were still largely dependent on Europe and didn’t diversify

18. Two Unifications: Italy and Germany • A major political development inspired by growing nationalism was the consolidation of small states into two important new nations: • Italy • Unified by Camillodi Cavour through military power • Germany • Unified by Otto von Bismarck through the Franco-Prussian War • These new nations altered the balance of power in Europe, causing established nations like Britain and France concern that their own power was in danger. • They competed with one another through trade, industrial production, and colonization, setting up worldwide empires to bolster their attempts to outdo all the others.

19. Technology and Innovation of UNIT V – 1750CE-1900CE

20. Role of Women of UNIT V – 1750CE-1900CE

21. Important Terms • Abolish • Absolute monarch • Assembly line • Capital • Capitalism • Cartel • Communism • Constitution • Corporation • Doctrine • Domestic • Emancipation • Enclosure • Estates-General • Enlightenment • Factory • Free market • Free trade • Immigration • Imperialism • Indemnity • Industrial Revolution • Laissez-Faire • Labor Union • Leisure • Marxism • Monopoly • Nationalism • Nation-state • Natural resources • Rural • Social class • Social Darwinism • Socialism • Suffrage • Trade union • Universal suffrage • Urbanization • Utopia • Wage labor

22. Important People, Places, an Events • American Revolution • Berlin Conference 1884 • Bloody Sunday • Boer Wars • Boxer Rebellion • British East India Company • Charles Darwin • Communist Manifesto • Congress of Vienna • Declaration ofIndependence • Declaration of the Rights of Man • Diet of Japan • Emancipation of the Serfs • Execution of Louis XVI • Miguel Hidalgo • Indian National Congress • Intolerable Acts • Karl Marx • Meiji Restoration • Monroe Doctrine • Muhammad Ali • Napoleon Bonaparte • Open Door Policy • Opium Wars • Panama Canal • The Raj • Reign of Terror • Cecil Rhodes • Rudyard Kipling • Russification • Russo-Japanese War • Scramble for Africa • Sepoy Mutiny • Seven Years War • Sino-Japanese War • Social Darwinism • Spanish American War • Spheres of Influence • Suez Canal • Duma of Russia • Steam Engine • Otto von Bismarck • Wealth of Nations