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When Behaviors Won’t Change

When Behaviors Won’t Change. Henri Roca, MD, DAAFM, DABIHM Integrative Functional Medicine Specialist Medical Director, Greenwich Hospital Integrative Medicine Program. Cardiovascular Disease and Stress Soufer , 2012 Comm ; J Cardiovasc Med 2008, V9, N8.

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When Behaviors Won’t Change

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  1. When Behaviors Won’t Change Henri Roca, MD, DAAFM, DABIHM Integrative Functional Medicine Specialist Medical Director, Greenwich Hospital Integrative Medicine Program

  2. Cardiovascular Disease and StressSoufer, 2012 Comm; J Cardiovasc Med 2008, V9, N8 • 30-50% of patients with CAD exhibit mental-stress induced ischemia in lab testing • Often ischemia is not accompanied by angina and not explained by physical exertion • Mental stress hemodynamics are physiologically different from other cardiovascular stressors Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  3. Mental Ischemia MechanismsSoufer, 2012 Comm; J Cardiovasc Med 2008, V9, N8 • Dec prefrontal cortex activity > Dec parasympathetic activity > Dec HRV and Inc TNF and Dec NO > ischemia • Inc hippocampus tone > inc cortisol and Inc NE > ischemia • Ischemia is mostly inferior and posterior • MDD is an independent risk factor for CAD and a poor prognostic indicator for CAD due to hypercortisolemia, reduced vagal tone, reduced HRV, impaired platelet function Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  4. Damasio – The Mental SelfNATURE|VOL 423 | 15 MAY 2003 • mental self represents the individuality and continuity of a living organism. • the simplest level of self allows us to manufacture the idea that objects and events are perceived from a singular perspective, that of the organism symbolized by the self. • with the assistance of past memories of objects and events, we can piece together an autobiography and reconstruct our identity and personhood incessantly. • the body - mind as a whole is the ‘thing-process’ that is symbolized as the mental self • the brain’s representation of the structure and operations of the body is continuous Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  5. Damasio – Evolving the Body-Mind Self • Humoral – chemical/hormonal to hypothalamus • Neural – electrochemical • Interoceptive – viscera, muscular, vestibular • Humoral – chemical/hormonal Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  6. Adrenocortex Stress ProfileGenova Diagnostics Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  7. Decompensation Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  8. Stage 3: Late Decompensation Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  9. Begin with Sympathetic ReleaseJorm AF MJA 2004;181:S29-S46 • Aerobic > wt training/flexibility regimens (both effective for improving mood) • Beneficial effect greater w/ increasing duration • > 20 min; maximal effect at 40 min • Lasting effects • Strong effects for mild-mod anxiety Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  10. Begin with Sympathetic ReleaseJorm AF MJA 2004;181:S29-S46 • Possible mechanism • Inc exercise correlates w/ change in brain levels of NE, DA, 5-HT • Endorphin effect • Pt playing active role in recovery  sense of independence  inc self-confidence  inc ability to cope w/ challenging life events • Inc ANP >>direct decrease in symp activity Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

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  14. The Role of Inflammation(Arch Gen Psych, 2010 (67)12); Brain Behav Immune, 2011 25(2); Archives General Psych 2008 65(4) • Hypersympathetictone with inc NE activates production of inflammatory cytokines • Relative cortisol resistance or decreased cortisol production enhances inflammation • Reduced parasympathetic tone increase • Presence of infections • Presence of autoimmune disease • Presence of Visceral Adiposity • Early Adversity > Depression leads to lifelong increase in inflammatory markers --Blocked by SSRIs or enhancing serotonin but only in those who have elevated levels of inflammation • At high levels – impaired neurogenesis, enhanced glutamatergicexcitotoxicity, monoamine disruption Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  15. Stress and Plasticity Sleep Med Rev. 2009 June ; 13(3): 187–194; • Stress induced atrophy of dendrite spine density in hippocampus and PFC, hypertophy in amygdala • Plasticity in the adult brain especially in the hippocampus – sleep is essential • Glucocorticoids, CRF, BDNF, Inflammatory cytokines, monoamines, glutamate, CBT Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  16. How to Create a Sense of Personal Control and Hope JAMA, January 23/30, 2013—Vol 309, No. 4 • Conscious awareness“I can respond as I choose.” • Relaxation skills: • To let go and get focused • Clarify deep values • “How do I want to be?” • Visualizing/experiencing • responding the new way • Stress induces NE • Prunes PFC, enhances amygdala, via a-2 rec • Excess glutamate due to decreased glial cell activity reduces PFC Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  17. Thoughts and Behavior Wish, Thought Response From Self, History, internal cues, Expectations, desire Response From Other/Outside Influences

  18. Psychosocial Contexts Early Childhood Therapeutic Relationship Current Relationships

  19. Genetics and EpigeneticsHarv Rev Psych 2011 19(3) • Genetic Gifts = Family History • Early Childhood Challenges = Epigenetic DNA Methylation • Appears to be irreversible • Later Stressful Life Events= Epigenetic histone modification • Treatments can change epigenetic modification of histones but not of DNA • For example – IL-6 and CRP were more often methylated and thus suppressed in individuals without depression compared to those with depression • Psychol Med 2011 41(5) Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  20. Childhood and Likelihood for Brain ResilienceBrain Behav and Immune 2012, 1591 (12) • Children raised in hygiene environments • Birth to 30yo • Increased inflammation if stressed out as adults • If raised in non hygiene environment, • there is no association between stress and inflammation • Microorganisms and parasites exposure in early life leads to well modulated inflammatory system and stress system Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  21. Challenges to Behavior Change • Met/Met BDNF increases likelihood for decreased mood and neuroplasticity in the face of stress (Biol Psych 2005 62(5)) • Leads to rumination rather than enhanced executive functioning • Attenuated by early social support Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  22. Negative Bias • Negative stimuli get more attention and processing • We generally learn faster from pain than pleasure. • People work harder to avoid a loss than attain an equal gain (“endowment effect”) • Easy to create learned helplessness, hard to undo • Negative interactions: more powerful than positive • Negative experiences sift into implicit memory. Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  23. Negativity BiasNeuroimage 2009 47(3) • The tendency to perceive danger rather than reward signals • Associated with short allele of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT-LPR) • Worsened with early life stressors • Higher startle, higher HR, higher sympathetic tone • Activation in the brainstem, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, medial prefrontal cortex in response to fear • Influences our interpretation of the world and enhances the likelihood of triggering a stress response Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  24. Relaxation TechniquesJorm AF MJA 2004;181:S29-S46; Van der Watt, Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2008,21:37-42 • Meditation • One study showed sig dec in all anxiety scale scores for meditation group vs. education group • Small study, poss confounding effects of medication, lack of true placebo control • Review of multiple studies found meditation an effective intervention for high trait anxiety and GAD. • Relaxation training (progressive, release-only, cue-controlled, differential, rapid, applied) • Review of studies found relaxation effective for dental phobia, test anxiety, panic d/o, GAD. • Breath work • Imaginal exposure: repeated/gradual exposure  pt learns to cope/manage rather than eliminate stressor Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

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  27. Neural Correlates of MindfulnessCognitive Development,22:406-430; SCAN, 2, 313-322 • Setting an intention - “top-down” ; frontal, “bottom-up” limbic • Relaxing the body - parasympathetic nervous system • Feeling cared about - social engagement system • Feeling safer - inhibits amygdala/ hippocampus alarms • Encouraging positive emotion - dopamine, norepinephrine • Absorbing the benefits - positive implicit memories Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  28. Biofeedback • Biofeedback: measuring & relaying subject's quantifiable bodily functions e.g., BP, HR, temp, muscle activity, neurological activity, heart rate variability, sweat gland activity. • Raises pt's awareness and conscious control of unconscious physiological activities. • Allows users to gain control of physical processes previously considered an automatic response of the ANS. Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  29. The Inner Life of the Heart • Dually innervated. • Intrinsic – cell to cell creating a more rapid heart rate • Autonomic Nervous System via • Vagus Nerve – Parasympathetic • Sympathetic nerves and adrenal hormones • Vagus is dominant and serves to conserve cardiac reserve • Vagus creates and controls HRV Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  30. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) P. Rainville et al. / International Journal of Psychophysiology 61 (2006) 5– 18 • What is the relevance of HRV? - HRV reflects the autonomic nervous system (cardiac regulation). - HRV is determined non-invasively. - It is known that abnormal HRV is related to prognosis of vascular causes of death, progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  31. HRV TheoryInternational Journal of Psychophysiology 61 (2006) 5 – 18 • Parasympathetic regulation is mediated by the vagusnerve and by acetylcholine • Rapid because the Ach is quickly degraded by acetylcholinesterase • High frequency changes in the RR interval • Further coupled with changes in respiration • The increase in intraabdominal pressure during inhaling activates the baroreceptor reflex and produces rapid increases in heart rate mediated by vagal mechanisms. • The resulting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), can be characterized by the amplitude of changes in heart rate within each respiratory cycle, and generally contributes to the high frequency components of HRV. • Sympathetic regulation is mediated by the release and relatively slow re-uptake of adrenaline. • Slow changes can result from either sympathetic or parasympathetic activity. Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  32. 3 Domains of HRVInternational Journal of Psychophysiology 61 (2006) 5 – 18 • a sympathetic component; • a parasympathetic component coupled with respiration (RSA) and reactive to baroreceptor reflex activity • a parasympathetic component independent from respiration and possibly reflecting top-down neural influences on vagal output. Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  33. Ascending Heart Signals HeartMath Cortex: Thinking Brain Amygdala: Emotional Memory Thalamus: Synchronizes cortical activity Facilitates clear perception Inhibits clear perception Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  34. Health, Well-being and High Performance • Requires Physiological Coherence • HeartMath “Negative” emotions such as frustration cause chaotic heart rhythms, part of a physically harmful chain reaction leading to inhibition of the cortex. However, focusing on a “Positive” emotion such as appreciation creates smooth heart patterns, resulting in cortical facilitation, or coherence. Frustration Cortical Inhibition (chaos) Appreciation Cortical Facilitation (coherence) Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  35. Stress, Emotion and Physiological Activation HeartMath High Arousal “Fight/Flight/Freeze” Adrenaline Excited Enthusiastic Joyful Worried Angry Resentful Positive Emotion Negative Emotion DHEA Cortisol Low Performance High Performance Resignation Depressed Apathetic Calm Peaceful Quiet Low Arousal Relaxation Acetylcholine Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

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  37. Acupuncture • As effective as CBT in PTSD with persistent effects at 3 mo follow up • J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007 Jun;195(6):504-13; J Trad Chin Med 2011 31(1) • May be useful in reducing symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety and impairment in persons w/ PTSD. • Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2008,21:37-42. • At GB 20, GV 20,24, scalp better than paroxetine • Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012 Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  38. Acupuncture • Effective for treating headaches ….. promising treatment option for anxiety, sleep disturbances, depression and chronic pain • Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 15;1(1): • Significantly higher cure rates in pts with anxiety neuroses when treated with acupuncture and desensitization than with either treatment alone. Cure rates held at 1 yr follow-up. • MJA 2004;181:S29-S46. Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  39. Internal Dragons • Master Point 1 Jiuwei Wild Pigeon’s Tail • CV 14.5 (15) • ST 25 Tianshu Heaven’s axis • ST 32 Futu Hidden Rabbitt • ST 41 Jiexi Release Stream Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  40. Synaptic effects • Neurotransmitters • Neuropeptides • Hormones • Growth Factors • Immune molecules • Nutrients • Toxins • Infectious agents Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  41. Patterns are observed but must be correlated with the patient’s clinical picture No pattern is indicative of a particular diagnosis Symptoms Have Multiple Neurotransmitter Etiologies Neuroscience Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  42. Serotonin deficiency is correlated with major depressive disorder “A reduction in serotonin synthesis may result in depression, depression may result in a reduction in serotonin synthesis, or a third factor may be responsible for both lowering serotonin synthesis rates and triggering depression.” Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com Aan Het Rot, et al. (2009) Canadian Medical Association Journal. 180(3): 305-313.

  43. Glutamate is involved in Depression “Coverging lines of evidence indicate that the glutamatergic system might be a promising target for a novel antidepressant therapy.” Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com Palucha, A, et al. (2005) Drug News and Perspectives. 18(4):262.

  44. Recognize the Excitatory/Inhibitory neurotransmitters Inhibitory Serotonin/5-HIAA Glycine Taurine GABA Excitatory Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine/DOPAC Glutamate PEA Histamine Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  45. Pathways Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

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  47. Yasko, Neurological research Institute Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  48. COMT • Val 158 >>>Met • Results in low COMT activity • Associated with pain, fibromyalgia, and depression • Changes affect overall protein levels rather than mRNA • Helped by SAMe • Am J Hum Genet, 2004. 75(5): p. 807-21. • PharmacogenetGenomics, 2012. 22(9): p. 673-91. Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  49. SAMe • As effective as tricyclics for depression, with fewer side effects. • Efficacy of 1600 mg SAMe/day po or 400 mg SAMe/day im is comparable with that of 150 mg imipramine/day po, but SAMe is better tolerated. • S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) as treatment for depression: a systematic review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=16021987 • Efficacy and tolerability of oral and intramuscular S-adenosyl-L-methionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate (SAMe) in the treatment of major depression: comparison with imipramine in 2 multicenter studies. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=12418499 • Evidence for S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM-e) for the treatment of major depressive disorder. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19909689 • A double-blind, randomized parallel-group, efficacy and safety study of intramuscular S-adenosyl-L-methionine 1,4-butanedisulphonate (SAMe) versus imipramine in patients with major depressive disorder. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=12466028 • Self-help interventions for depressive disorders and depressive symptoms: a systematic review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18710579 Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

  50. MTHFR • C677C>>>>T • Frequency is 38% of population • OR Depression 1.36 • OR Schizophrenia 1.44 • OR Bipolar disorder 1.82 • Am J Epidemiol, 2007. 165(1): p. 1-13. Henri Roca, MD 2-2013 drhenriroca.com

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