Pakistan

1. Pakistan

2. Pakistan’s Creation • Originally part of British India. The British initially widened the divide between the Muslims & Hindu’s in a strategy to maintain control. • There were ethnic, political & religious disputes between the Muslims & Hindus in British India. • Pakistan was formed in 1947 out of partition from British controlled India. • During the split from India, there was a mass migration of over 15 Million. • The Muslims were going to Pakistan as the Hindus were leaving for India. • The creation of Pakistan was tumultuous, resulting in chaos, riots, deaths & crimes against humanity. • This deepened the rift between Muslims and Hindus.

3. Partition • The Punjab and Bengal, with mixed populations, had to be divided. • Millions of people were stranded on the wrong side of the boundary.

5. Partition • 10 to 15 million flee Pakistan. • Violent clashes occurred and horrendous slaughter took place. • In the Punjab about ¼ million people were killed. • About 1 million die in Bengal. • Gandhi is able to stop the violence by going a hunger strike.

8. Violent Partition Independence came to India and Pakistan in 1947. 12 million people moved to avoid the rule of a majority religion to which they did not belong. Many refugees died from hunger and thirst, and an estimated one million people were killed in fighting between Muslims and Hindus. Since independence, India and Pakistan have fought three wars. Bangladesh Islam was the only thread that connected East and West Pakistan. East Pakistan had a less developed economy and paid more taxes than West Pakistan, where most tax dollars were spent. After a devastating cyclone in 1970, grievances led to fighting, and India joined the conflict on the side of the East Pakistanis. As a result, in 1971, East Pakistan became the independent country of Bangladesh. 1 Religious Conflict The deepening conflict between Hindus and Muslims, made worse by economic differences, led to the partition, or division, of the subcontinent into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan.

9. Partition: • Partition left both India & Pakistan devastated socially & economically. • Some of the atrocities committed between the Muslims & Hindus were widespread rape, pillaging & murder, bordering on genocide. • This included the bombing of trains of immigrants by Hindus and even filling trains full of the dismembered bodies & sending them across the border into Pakistan.

10. Civil War Pakistan begins as two separate and divided states East Pakistan is more populous; West Pakistan houses government East Pakistan declares independence from West Pakistan in 1971 Civil war erupts; East Pakistan wins, becomes new nation of Bangladesh

11. The Early Years • After Partition there was Pakistan & East Pakistan on the other side of India. • East Pakistan rebelled and split from Pakistan in the 1971 India/Pakistan war to become Bangladesh. • Pakistan itself is divided into four main areas: Baluchistan, North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), Punjab, & Sindh. • Another province, Kashmir, is still under dispute with India & has been the cause of war between the countries in 1947, 1965, 1971 & 1999.

12. Politics • Pakistan goes back and forth from being a democracy and being ruled by a military dictator after a coup. • Pakistani politics have a tradition of being underhanded, violent, and volatile.

13. POLITICAL HISTORY • PAKISTAN ALTERNATED BETWEEN ELECTED DEMOCRACY AND MILITARY DICTATORSHIP • Shown at left: Zulfikar and Benazir Bhutto

14. Jinnah (1947)>> Pakistan Politics <<Zulfikar Bhutto (1973-77) Benazir Bhutto>> (1988-90, 93-96) Sharif (1990-93, 97-99) Zardari (now) << Musharraf (1999-2008)

15. History of Pakistan’s Political Leaders • 1948: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founding father of Pakistan, dies • 1951: Jinnah’s successor, Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated. • 1956: Constitution proclaims Pakistan as Islamic Republic. • 1958: General Ayyub Khan becomes president. • 1969: General Yahya Khan takes over in a coup. • 1973: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Benazir’s father) becomes PM. • 1979: General Zia ul-Haq overthrows and hangs Bhutto in a military coup & becomes president. Daughter Benazir goes into exile, returns in 1986. • 1988: Gen. Zia dies in mysterious plane crash. Bhutto’s Pakistan’s Peoples Party wins election & she becomes PM. • 1990: Benazir Bhutto is dismissed as PM on charges of incompetence & corruption.

16. History of Pakistan’s Leaders Continued • 1991: PM Nawaz Sharif begins economic liberalization. • 1993: PM Sharif resigns under pressure from military. General election brings Bhutto back to power. • 1996: President Leghari dismisses Bhutto’s government amid corruption allegations. • 1996: Nawaz Sharif returns as PM after his Pakistan Muslim League wins elections. • 1999: Bhutto and her husband are convicted of corruption and sentenced. Benazir flees to exile. Later that year Sharif is overthrown by General Pervez Musharraf in a military coup. • 2002: Musharraf grants himself new powers including the right to dismiss parliament. • 2007: Bhutto’s and Sharif’s parties protest Musharraf. Musharraf takes over media and communication networks. • 2008: Musharraf forced to step down in face of impeachment • 2011: Musharraf indicted for assassination of Benazir Bhutto

17. A Pattern of Instability • Many different governments rule Pakistan, non achieve stability • Benazir Bhutto leads Pakistan in 1980s and 1990s but is ousted. The military now rules. • Bhutto is assassinated in 2007. U.S. President George W. Bush condemned the assassination in a 27 December press conference.

18. Pakistan • Led briefly by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. • Prime Minister AyubKhan. • Dangerous combination • Was not prepared to rule in 1948. • Strong Islamic fundamentalism. • Impoverished. • Pakistan divides in 1972 • W. Pakistan = Pakistan • E. Pakistan = Bangladesh

19. Benazir Bhutto • First Woman Prime Minister, 1988 • Ousted in 1990, 1993 on corruption charges. • Nawaz Sharif • Ousted three times. • Struggle between modernizers and fundamentalists.

20. Gen. PervexMusharaff • Coup d’etat. • Secular government against Islamic fundamentalists. • U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.”

21. The Musharraf Era • Musharraf came to power in a 1999 military coup, self appointed as president in 2001. • Enjoyed western support due to his announced intentions in 2002 to combat extremists in Pakistan. • Legitimacy of his rule is dubious - In 2007 he suspended the constitution and jailed several supreme court members before they were about to evaluate the validity of his election. • During Musharraf’s time Pakistan enjoyed impressive economic performance. • Musharraf’s approval rating plummeted to 15%.

22. Pakistan, The U.S. and the War on Terror • US supported Pakistan and Musharraf ever since he pledged to be an ally to the US in the war on terror. • US placed its faith in Musharraf by appropriating over $10B in foreign aid since 9/11. • Stark contrast to the sanctions US had against Pakistan before Musharraf pledged his support. • Question now is whether or not the US should have continued to support Musharraf since he became widely unpopular and Illegitimate.

23. Should the US have continued to support Musharraf? And today Zardari? • YES: The US was familiar with him, he offered continuity. A different leader could have been worse politically. He is more moderate than Sharif and the PPP. • NO: The aid given him did very little. He was undemocratic and vastly unpopular. By continuing to support him the US lost the credit it has gained in the Middle East by supporting an Islamic nation.

24. ASSASSINATION OF BENAZIR BHUTTO • Prior to parliamentary elections this year, opposition leaders were allowed back into the country • Benazir Bhutto returned, was assassinated

25. Benazir Bhutto's Timeline

26. Bhutto’s Assassination 2007

27. THE END OF MUSHARAF? • Musharaf dismissed the Supreme Court after he stepped down as head of the army • Lawyers protested

28. NEW PRIME MINISTER SWORN IN – TRANSITION BACK TO DEMOCRACY? • Has freed imprisoned judges • Army remains strongest institution in country • Rebellion in Baluchistan province • Problems of poverty and lack of development

29. President Prime Minister Asif Ali Zardari Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani

30. Current Situation • Mumbai killings • Bhutto/Zardari • Musharraf gone • Judge • Swat Valley and FATA • Allowed to govern themselves – Sharia law • Predator strikes into these areas

31. Government President: Asif Ali Zardari Serves as the Chief of State Co-Chair of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) Widower of Benazir Bhutto (former Prime Minister; assassinated on 27 DEC 2007) Sworn in on 9 SEP 08 following the resignation of President Pervez Musharaf on 18 AUG 08. Elections were held on 6 SEP in which Zardari won a clear majority. Zadaris election solidified the country's return to civilian government after more than eight years of military rule. Presidential elections are for 5 year terms

32. Government Prime Minister: Yousaf Raza Gillani (PPP) Assumed office 25 March 2008 Serves as the Head of the Government The Prime Minister is selected by the National Assembly. Cabinet positions are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister

34. Government 3 Federal Branches Executive President Prime Minister National Security Council Legislative Federal Govt Ministries Federal Ministers Parliament Senate National Assembly Leader of the Opposition Judicial Attorney General Attorney Chief

35. Constitution • 3 constitutions since independence (1956, 1962, 1973) each reiterating the importance of Islam • The last iteration (1973) of the constitution came after the cessation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1971

36. Government Constitution: 12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002; amended 31 December 2003; suspended 3 November 2007,restored on 15 December 2007 Independence: 14 August 1947 (from British India) National holiday: Republic Day, 23 March (1956) Suffrage: 18 years of age- universal; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims Member of the United Nations and World Trade Organization. Is a Nuclear State, but not part of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. Unemployment rate- 7.4% 24% of population below poverty line

37. Role of Religion in the State • The various degrees of state secularity/religiousity of different governments demonstrates the difficulties, at the state level, to articulate the role of Islam in the state • Zia-ul-Haq’s government (1973-1988) came closest to implementing Shariah law through its ‘Islamization programs’, but no federal government has fully implemented Shariah Law • Shariah Law has existed, however, in certain territories

38. Women in Pakistan • Zia-ul-Haq’s ‘Islamization’ policies had detrimental effects for women especially through a set of law called the Hudood Ordinances • A vocal and vociferous women’s movement emerged during Zia’s rule • Women’s movement in Pakistan struggling to articulate a balance between Islam and secularism

39. Political Economy of Defence • Ayesha Jalal (1995) has argued that Pakistan’s overdeveloped military has had determinative effects on Pakistan’s political economy • She argues that there is a key difference between the political economies of India and Pakistan: • India has a ‘political economy of development’ • Pakistan has a ‘political economy of defence’

40. Political Economy of Defence • First decade after independence, Pakistani military and civil administration took up 3/4 of the federal budget • Military governments • Ayub Khan (1958) • Zia-ul Haq (1977) • Pervez Musharraf (1999)

41. Political Economy of Defence • Class aspect of military is tied to the extent to which the military has been able to infiltrate key economic structures/entities • Military presence can be felt in: housing developments, agriculture, transportation, oil/gas, defence production, hospitals, schools • Greater upward mobility for military personnel and their families because of access to better social services (schools, hospitals)

42. Political Economy of Defence • “Dominance of non-elected institutions in Pakistan…points to a disjunction between state power and class power” • Support of landowning families alongside failure to bring about effective land reforms • Mutually constitutive relationship between dominant social classes and military i.e. members of military entering dominant social classes, and dominant social classes being protected by military

43. Opposition to military • The military has been met with opposition from other political parties • But many of the same parties have often worked in tandem with the military to secure their power • The times where political parties have emerged in opposition to the military is connected to the degree of economic marginalization in the country

44. Opposition to military • Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Pakistan People’s Party) took power in 1971 in the context of unrest in rural areas, including rural Punjab • “Roti, kapra, aur makaan” - bread, clothes, and shelter • (1971-1977) Glimmer of democracy • Bhutto legacy (dynasty) is very strong but is also often romanticized (ex. treatment mohajirs) • Post-Zia - “constitutional coups”

45. Suffering Economy • Economy suffered from decades of internal political disputes • a fast growing population • mixed levels of foreign investment • a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring India

46. Rapid population growth, ethnic conflicts, and environmental threats are major challenges to the region today. Major Challenges for Pakistan • Lack of government stability • Rapid population growth • Troubled relationship with India, especially over the territory of Kashmir • Terrorists within Pakistan’s borders

47. Major problems & Issues in Pakistan today • Economic development. • Political instability/military dictatorship. • Hindu-Muslim tensions. • Gender issues  honor killings. • Terrorism. • The Kashmir dispute and nuclear weapons.

48. Conflict Over Kashmir

49. Freedom Brings Turmoil A railway station in Punjab during large-scale migration that followed partition of India along religious lines.

50. Partition and Bloodshed • British adopt a policy of partition—splitting Indian into two countries • India would be largely Hindu nation; Pakistan mostly Muslim • Great Britain grants independence to both in 1947