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SO1506. Urbanisation. Lecture Outline. Roots of Urbanisation Early Cities Pre-Industrial Europe The Rise of the Modern Industrial City Planning and Political Management 21st Century Developments Global and World Cities. The Urban: A ‘New’ Form of Human Settlement.
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SO1506 Urbanisation
Lecture Outline • Roots of Urbanisation • Early Cities • Pre-Industrial Europe • The Rise of the Modern Industrial City • Planning and Political Management • 21st Century Developments • Global and World Cities
The Urban: A ‘New’ Form of Human Settlement • Modern Humans (cc 120 -130k years ago) • Hunter Gatherers? Agriculture - 99% of Human History is Rural • First Cities (cc10 – 12K years ago) – Middle East
Classical Cities – The Cradle of Western Civilisation • Aegean (Knossos from cc 2000BC) • Greek City States • Rome (cc750BC – cc476AD)
The Medieval & Pre-Industrial City • Fall of Rome & Decline of European Cities • Cathedral ‘Cities’ & Walled Settlements (Agrarian Localism) • Urban Revival - Trade & Renaissance Cities • The ‘Bourgeoisie’
The Rise of the Modern Industrial City: Industrialisatian & Urbanisation • Push, Pull Factors: Agricultural and Industrial Change (cc17th century onward) • UK: 1810 – 10% of population in cities and towns; 1910 – 80%
The Expansion of Cities in the 19th Century 1800 1850 1900 London 1,000,000 2,685,000 6,500,000 Paris 500,000 1,000,000 2,700,000 Vienna 247,000 444,000 1,675,000 Berlin 172,000 419,000 1,889,000 New York 60,515 515,000 3,437,000 Chicago <1000 29,000 1,689,000
Modern Cities • The Industrial Metropolis (until post WWII era) • Suburbia & Decentralisation
Development of the Modern City • Burgess’ (Ecological) Model of Urban Development (1923) – • Process of development reflects competition for space
Town Planning & Images of the ‘Modern’ City • Howards’ ‘Garden City’ (late 19th C.) • Le Corbusier’s ‘Radiant City’ (early 20th C.)
Urban Governance • ‘Graft’ & ‘Bossism’ : 18th – 19th C. • Municipal ‘Socialism’ : Late 19th and Early 20th C. • Collective Consumption & Managerialism : Mid 20th C. • Privatisation : Late 20th C. - Present • Local Democracy in a Global Context
De-Industrialisation & the Consumer City • Decline of Industry & Rise of Service Economy • Urban Sprawl & ‘Multiple Metropolitan Region’
Gentrification • 1980’s onwards: Back to the City • Regeneration • Displacement (of old working classes)
Urbanisation in the Developing World • Rapid Urbanisation through Globalisation • Extreme Polarisation • Shanty Towns
The Global City • World Cities (Friedman) • Global Cities (Sassen) • Global Cites & Hinterland
SO1506 Urbanisation 2 Cities, Communities & Identities
Lecture Outline • Urbanisation & Social Relations • Self & the City • Urban Communities • Consumerism • Urban Society • Urban Tensions • Future of Urban Society
Urbanisation & Social Relations • Ferdinand Tönnies: Gemeinschaft & Gesellschaft • Emile Durkheim: Mechanical & Organic Solidarity
Urbanisation & Social Relations • Georg Simmel: • ‘Nervous Exhaustion’ & ‘The Blasé Attitude’ (see also Goffman and ‘Civil Inattention)
City and Self Identity • “...our physical contacts are close but our social contacts are distant. The urban world puts a premium on visual recognition. We see the uniform which denotes the role of the functionaries and are oblivious to the personal eccentricities that are hidden behind the uniform. . . .” Tonnies • The ‘Flaneur’ • Privacy & Experience • Distinction
City and Self Identity • The Urban Setting, Appearances and Consumer Culture • City provides the ideal context for identification through consumer goods
Urbanisation and Community: The Chicago School • Robert Ezra Park • The City as a ‘Mosaic’ • ‘Natural Areas’
Urbanisation and Community: The Chicago School • Louis Wirth: • The ‘Community Lost’ Argument • Primary and Secondary Relationships • Social Disorganisation
Urbanisation and Community • Herbert Gans: ‘Urban Villagers’ • Young & Wilmott: ‘Family and Kinship in East London’ (Bethnal Green) • Robert Putnam: ‘Bowling Alone’ & Social Capital
Urbanisation and Community • Robert Bellah: The ‘Lifestyle Enclave’ • Quasi-Community through Shared Patterns of Consumption, Appearance etc.
Urban Societies • Individualism • Privacy & Estrangement • Self Consciousness & Appearances • Consumerism • Community? • What holds it all together?
Virtual Community? • Mass Media & Celebrity Culture • Cyber culture? • ‘Neo-Tribes’
Urban Tensions: Inequality • Social Class • Ethnicity • Gender • Work & Housing
Urban Tensions: Crime & Deviance • The ‘Dangerous Classes’: • Social Disorganisation (Wirth; Shaw & McKay) • Strain Theory (Merton) • Opportunity & Insecurity (Savage) • Social Disorder
Future Cities/Future Citizens • The Global Megalopolis: Utopia or Dystopia
