1 / 12

Deduction

Deduction. biases and content effects bias = whenever there is a systematic deviation in performance from the normative approach. Belief Bias. make conclusions based on personal beliefs about the world (you are supposed to use logical rules to draw conclusions)

billie
Download Presentation

Deduction

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Deduction • biases and content effects • bias = whenever there is a systematic deviation in performance from the normative approach

  2. Belief Bias • make conclusions based on personal beliefs about the world (you are supposed to use logical rules to draw conclusions) • Selma Hayek looks best sporting the “uni-brow” that she had in “Frida” • Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez will have a longlasting marriage

  3. Validity of the silly statement • sometimes being logical, means providing reasons for your conclusions • Women look their best when sporting a “unibrow” • The actress that played “Frida” sported a unibrow • Selma Hayek is the actress that played “Frida” • Selma Hayek looked best sporting the “unibrow” that she had in “Frida”

  4. Laboratory evidence • Believable conclusions = are consistent with your personal beliefs • Unbelievable conclusions = are inconsistent with your personal beliefs (e.g., unibrow statement) • also, valid and invalid conclusions • believable/valid, believable/invalid, unbelievable/valid, unbelievable/invalid

  5. Results • Evans, Newstead, & Byrne (1993) • % of conclusions accepted as valid • Valid Invalid • Believable 86% 66% • Unbelievable 62% 13% • conclusion: the believability of a statement has a strong influence on people’s critical thinking (i.e., belief-bias effect)

  6. content effects • def.: whenever the “content” (i.e., the specific words) influences your critical thinking performance • normative approach  content is irrelevant and should not influence your performance

  7. Wason selection task • Manchester Leeds Train Car • (imagine that these are four cards, each having a city on one side and a mode of transportation on the other) • “Every time I go to Manchester I travel by train” • answer: turn over Manchester and Car

  8. results in laboratory • Wason & Shapiro (1971) • showed that students did a good job with this version of the task compared to an abstract version • conclusion  adding realistic words (content) to an abstract problem improved performance (thus, it’s a content effect)

  9. guaranteed solution to the selection task (algorithm) • D B 3 5 7 • If a card has a D on one side, then it has a 3 on the other side. • answer: D, 5, 7 • p not p q not q not q • If p, then q • answer: p, not q

  10. Test 1 Study Guide • normative approach, descriptive approach • logic, def. of rational • logic vs. real-life • syllogisms, deduction, parts of the syllogism, validity of conclusion, algorithm, Euler’s circles • conditional reasoning problems, conditional, content of a problem vs. logical structure

  11. Test 1 (cont.) • logical rules related to conditional reasoning, affirming the antecedent, etc. (including modus ponens, modus tollens) • Wason selection task, abstract vs. realistic content of a problem • logical operators, if…then, and, or, not; two types of “or” (exclusive, inclusive) • disjunctive reasoning; deontic content or deontic reasoning

  12. Test 1 (cont.) • bias, belief-bias, personal beliefs vs. logic, content effects

More Related