Private Homeowner Drinking Water Issues

1. Private Homeowner Drinking Water Issues Presenter Mr. Brian Oram, Professional Geologist Wilkes UniversityGeoEnvironmental Sciences and Engineering DepartmentCenter for Environmental Quality Wilkes Barre, PA 18766 http://www.water-research.net (570) 408-4619

2. Water Treatment anion exchange disinfection oxidation pH adjustment cation exchange filtration adsorption demineralization Match the pollutant with the correct process!

3. Do We Need to Treat the Water ? • Evaluate Existing Source- Construction, Location, and Water Quality • Is Maintenance Needed ? • Identify and Repair System Deficiencies • Pollution Control Measures- well cap, control drainage, and change land-us practice • Treatment- POU, POE, or other The Last Control Measure is Treatment

4. Evaluate Well Change Well Cap

5. DisinfectionShock Chlorination May work for small numbers of coliform bacteria. Should be conducted after all well repairs, flooding,or problems with elevated bacterial counts. After shockdisinfection – retesting for total coliform, standard plate count, and nuisance bacteria may be need.

6. Iron / Nuisance Bacteria • Periodic shock well disinfections • Drop tablets chlorinators • Chlorine feed system • Ozone treatment • UV treatment – may be possibleprobably Class A Unit (turbidity, hardness, iron, manganese issues)

7. Whole House Treatment Point of Entry (POE)

8. Issues: • Chlorine Demand • Bacterial Levels • Other Water Quality problems like: iron, sulfur, and odors • Alkalinity and pH of water may need adjustment continuous chlorination

9. U-V Sterilizer • The Selection of UV • Unit system depends on the • following: • General Water Quality • Turbidity • Hardness • Iron and Manganese • Bacterial Levels • Source Water Type and Overall • Water Quality ? U-V Tube Http://www.nsf.org

10. Ozone

11. Water SoftenerDo Not Remove All the Water Hardness ! Schematic of Softener Ion Exchange: Sodium for Calcium & Magnesium Raw Water Calcium & Magnesium And other Multivalent cations RESIN (Sodium Or Potassium) Treated Water (Sodium or Potassium)

12. Recharge with Brine Calcium & Magnesium and other multivalent cations Waste Water RESIN (Calcium & Magnesium) Brine (Sodium or Potassium)

13. Carbon Filtration • Uses • Remove man-made organic chemicals • Remove miscellaneous tastes and odor from water – assuming no bacterial problems • Remove radon gas from water • Maintenance • Carbon must be replaced routinely

14. Acid (Corrosive Water) Control Water Limestone chips or calcite Gravel

15. Iron Removal • Form and concentration is important • Oxidized = visible, orange stain • Reduced = colorless • Removal Methods • Water Softenerno bacterial problem • Chlorination / Filtration • Oxidizing Filterno bacterial problem • Ozone

16. Hydrogen Sulfide • Hot water only? • Adjust water heater to a temperature of 160F for 12 to 24 hours and then flush • remove or replace rod in heater (Warranty Issues) • Carbon Filtration- no bacterial problem • Chlorination/ Contact Tank / Filtration • Aeration- no bacterial problem • Oxidizing filter- manganese greensandno bacterial problem

17. At the Sink Point of Use (POU)

18. Reverse Osmosis • force water through membrane • removes many contaminants

20. Steam Cooling Water Raw Water Treated Water Heat Source Distillation • heat water to boiling • condense vapor • ions left behind • energy intensive

21. Units are rated for Water that meets Drinking Water StandardsNot for Water with Levels above the Drinking Water Standard Typically these are small carbon-block filters that will remove particles, reduce odors and taste problems, and have a limited exchange capacity for hardness and trace metals.

22. Before You Buy Treatment EquipmentGet the Facts- Not the Sales Pitch • Have your water tested by a reputable accredited, approved, and/or certified lab • Don’t rely on in-home water test results. • Don’t rely on free water tests. • Consult unbiased water quality experts and get multiple quotes for a system. • Explore All Alternatives • Well Rehabilitation, New source, Local Pollution Control, Maintenance

23. Tips for Buying Treatment Equipment • Seek reputable companies that have been around • Ask for customer references • Research company history • Beware of hard sale techniques (scare tactics) • Ask about maintenance requirements • Get a detailed warranty • Look for NSF and WQA certifications • EPA certification means nothing • Get everything in writing! • If it sounds too good - it is!

24. Sample No. 1 gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L), ** = Recommended standard (RMCL) Recommendation ? Shock chlorination and retesting, possible continuous disinfection

25. Sample No. 2 gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L),** = Recommended standard (RMCL) Recommendation ? Short-Term: Shock Treatment and Retesting Long-Term: Possibly Chlorination or UV light or Ozone

26. Sample No. 3 gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L),** = Recommended standard (RMCL) Recommendation ? Oxidizing filter or Ozone

27. Sample No. 4 gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L),** = Recommended standard (RMCL) Recommendation ? Water softener

28. Sample No. 5 gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L),** = Recommended standard (RMCL) Recommendation ? Acid Neutralizing Filter or Caustic Feed for pH adjustment

29. Sample No. 6 gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L), ** = Recommended standard (RMCL) Recommendation ? POU system or anion exchange

30. Questions?

31. Private Homeowner Drinking Water Issues Presenter Mr. Brian Oram, Professional Geologist Wilkes UniversityGeoEnvironmental Sciences and EnvironmentalEngineering DepartmentCenter for Environmental Quality Wilkes Barre, PA 18766 http://www.water-research.net (570) 408-4619