Tools and Machines

1. Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18th Century 19th Century Julie Johnson

2. Tool vs. Machine Tool • A device that provides a mechanical advantage in accomplishing a physical task. (Wikipedia) • 5 basic tools: lever, wedge, screw, pulley, and inclined plane

3. Tool vs. Machine Machine • A machine is any mechanical or organic device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of tasks. (energy in for work out) (Wikipedia) • Components of a Machine: Combination of the 5 basic tools

4. Prehistory – Myth • Athena • Workshop on Mt. Olympus • Original inventor of all mechanical arts • Known for inventing the chariot • Athena was senior partner to Hephaestus which “means the goddess who removes from sight”

5. Prehistory - Myth • Minerva • Roman goddess of handicrafts, known for inventing the cart • First to make iron weapons • Specifically credited with inventing the distaff, needle, weaving, olive “mills” and the technique of making olive oil

6. Prehistory - Myth • Brigit • Celtic Triple Goddess before becoming an Irish saint • Required her bishops to be practicing goldsmiths • Tsenabonpil (Melanesia), Miti-Miti (Siberia), and Sarasvati (India) • Examples from primitive groups who credit women ancestors with giving people “all knowledge”

7. The Early Tools • Prehistory of Mechanics • 5 primary machines • Lever • Wedge • Screw • Pulley • Inclined Plane • Wheel and Axle

8. The Early Tools - Lever • Lever is made of 3 parts: the weight, fulcrum, and power point. • 3 types of levers based on where the 3 components are • Earliest form of the lever is the digging stick

9. The Early Tools - Wedge • A wedge is used to separate two objects, or portions of objects, through the application of force, perpendicular to the inclined surfaces. • Used for splitting trees, breaking masses of ore, lifting weights, and hafting stone tools • Examples –knives, axes, nails, looms

10. The Early Tools – Inclined Plane • The inclined plane permits one to overcome a large resistance by applying a relatively small force through a longer distance than the load is to be raised. • Since women were the burden bearers they are more likely to have invented the inclined plane

11. The Early Tools - Screw • A screw is used to translate torque into linear force. It can also be defined as an inclined plane wrapped around a shaft. • Mayan culture has a screw-top ceramic jar • Pottery making was predominantly or exclusively women’s work in 80 out of 105 societies

12. The Early Tools - Pulley • Pulleys are usually used in sets designed to reduce the amount of force needed to lift a load. • Amount of work is the same with or without pulleys • Vertically or horizontally • “dead-eye” pulley used rope wrapped around a tree

13. Wheel and Axle • Rotary Motion • Replaced back and forth motion • Fly-wheel • Sister Tabitha Babbitt • Invented the circular saw in 1810

14. Wheel and Axle • Sindhi women and the rotary churn • Meso-American culture • Rollers • Women Eskimos • Malta’s Temples

15. Primate Ethology • Chimps used natural hammers when cracking nuts in Ivory Coast, Africa • Coula nut: easily use a rock on the ground or eat in the “food tree” • Hard-shelled Panda nut • Equal number ate the easy way • Very few male chimps ate in the trees or ate the Panda nut.

16. Takeover – Myth and History • Semiramis • 3 different Middle Eastern queens • Sammuramat, Naqi’a, and Nitokris • Sammuramat • Assyrian Queen (ruled 810-738 BCE) • War-like accomplishments • Most likely the leader in her son’s wars • Invented or improved siege engines • Capitalized on the chastity belt brought from Near East

17. Takeover – Myth and History • Naqi’a (ruled 5 generations later) • Husband destroyed Babylon • Large-flood control reservoir and flood walls • Built mighty fortification wall, bridge across the Euphrates, two palaces, reservoir outside the city, and a temple • Nitokris (Naqi’a in Herodotus) • Legend of the subterranean hall, flooding it, and drowning the men who murdered her husband • Used a new kind of arch when building the third pyramid of Giza • Semiramis, Naqi’a, and Nitokris ruled in their own rights

18. Takeover – Myth and History • Hypatia of Alexandria • Very beautiful and educated • Professor of astronomy, math, philosophy, and mechanics • Inventions include: • Astrolabe • Method to distil water • Instrument to measure water • Hydroscope or hydrometer • Brutally murdered by Christian fanatics • Symbolizes the end of ancient science

19. Takeover – The Printing Press • Did women invent the printing press? • Arguable • 3 major improvements • Wood Engraving • 15th Century, Isabella Cunio and her twin brother • Syllable Type • 19th Century, unknown woman • Problem with perfect registry • 19th Century, Helen Bruneau Van Vechten

20. Takeover • Religion • Men were in charge/owned women including their inventions and patents • Domesticating Women • Loss of interaction with the environment • Lack of education • Lack of time • Lack of money • Marx View • Men controlled resources (women’s time)

21. Tools of the Ancient World • Egypt • Level • Square • Scale • Mallet

22. Tools of the Ancient World • Egypt • Chisel • Sketch • Pigment • Boning Rods

23. Tools of the Ancient World • China • Foundry • Hydraulics and Irrigation • Two Man Silk Loom

24. The Mill • New Process Millstone Flour Mill, 1878 • Water Powered Mills • Vitruvian Mechanism • Rock to agitate the hopper to create an automatic feed • Vertical versus horizontal blade alignment in water • Gear ratios

25. Medieval Catapult • Could bring Castles down • Hurl projectiles great distances • Assembled on site • Trebuchet and ballista

26. Leonardo DaVincci • Calculating machine • Each complete turn changed a wheel • 13 wheels • Other Machines • Emergency Bridge • Grindstone with Sieve

27. Landmark 19th Century Machines • McCormick Reaper • Woman nailed shears on a board and wired them so one wire opened them and the other closed them • Revolutionize the agriculture industry • Small Electric Motor • Emily Goss Davenport tore her wedding dress to wind the silk around the coils of an electro magnet • Are vital to household appliances

28. Landmark 19th Century Machines • Burden Horseshoe Machine • Feminists of the 19th and 20th Centuries confidently claim that this machine was invented by a woman, but there are no names. • Cut the cost of horseshoes, improved horse drawn traveling

29. Landmark 19th Century Machines • Sewing Machine • Helen Augusta Blanchard – zigzag stitch • Nina H Piffard and Eva J. Hall – self-threading needle • Dishwasher • Josephine G. Cochran – first commercial dishwasher

30. Landmark 19th Century Machines • Washing Machine • Martha H. Sanderson – Washing fluid • Margaret Plunkett Colvin – Triumph Rotary Washer • Typewriter • Lizzy Streshley – Machine for the blind • Anna M. Rothert – Upper case treadle attachment

31. Landmark 19th Century Machines • Electrical • Mary Riggins – Railway crossing gate • Elizabeth E. Bell – Telephone mouthpiece • Domestic Labor Saving • Nancy Graham – 2 stove patents • Sarah B. Stearns – Improved carpet cleaner • Industrial and Manufacturing • Mary Dixon Kies – straw weaving machine • Mary Jane Montgomery – improved apparatus for punching corrugated metal

32. Landmark 19th Century Machines • Office Machines • Ellie N. Sperry – Check punch • Mary E. Winter – Adding machine • Power Generation and Engines • Maria Beasley – Steam generator • Margaret Knight – Rotary factory-driving engines • Transportation • Annie H. Chilton – Combination horse detacher and brake • Sarah P. Mather – Submarine telescope and lamp

33. Landmark 19th Century Machines • Key Women Inventers • Mlle Crepin – Band saw in 1846 • Mary Jane Montgomery • Improved war vessel, improvement for locomotive wheels, bridge • Harriet Ruth Tracey – 16 patents • Elevators, sewing machines, fire escape, stove • Maria E. Beasley – 14 patents • Barrel making machines, Barrel-setting-up machine, steam generator, anti-derailment device