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alias STRUCTURE

alias STRUCTURE. UNDERSTANDING the LOAD CARRYING SYSTEM of BUILDINGS. SYSTEM. Method of approach to understanding. Collection of interrelated elements. Various aspects of elements and relationships. Problems related to the whole system. STRUCTURE. Abstract notion describing

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alias STRUCTURE

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  1. alias STRUCTURE UNDERSTANDING the LOAD CARRYING SYSTEM of BUILDINGS

  2. SYSTEM Method of approach to understanding Collection of interrelated elements Various aspects of elements and relationships Problems related to the whole system

  3. STRUCTURE • Abstract notion describing interrelationship of elements • Many different representations (verbal, graphical, mathematical). Multiple structures in a system.

  4. MY FAMILY SYSTEM Father Mother Foster mother Sister in Law Brother in Law Brother Me Wife Sister Son in Law Daughter in Law Son Daughter Niece Nephew Grandson Granddaughter

  5. STRUCTURE of MARRIAGES MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION

  6. PARENTAGE STRUCTURE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION Father Mother Foster mother Sister in Law Brother in Law Brother Me Wife Sister Son in Law Daughter in Law Son Daughter Niece Nephew Grandson Granddaughter

  7. A SIMPLE BUILDING PLAN Secretary Room 1 Boss Reception Hall Corridor Room 3 Room 4 Room 2 Exterior

  8. CIRCULATION STRUCTURE Room 4 Room 1 Room 3 Hall Corridor Room 2 Boss Reception Exterior Secretary

  9. WHY BUILDINGS? • Meso-environment (thermal, acoustic, light) Security (predators, pests, enemies, etc.)

  10. PROBLEMS in BUILDINGS Problems and factors Nearly all elements involved Problem specific structures

  11. HUMAN FACTORS • Psychological (spatial perception, spatial cognition) Physiological (thermal comfort) Social (spatial layout) Cultural (meanings, use patterns, etc.)

  12. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS • Climatic (thermal, radiation, wind, rain, snow, etc.) • Economic (materials, labor, finance) • Geological (gravitation, earthquakes, materials, foundations) • Topographical (slopes, vegetation)

  13. MECHANICAL FACTORS Mechanics (forces and motions) Loads (gravitation, wind, earthquakes) Foundations

  14. LOAD CARRYING SYSTEM(LCS) Elements + connectivity structure STRUCTURE of building Structural problems

  15. A SIMPLE BUILDING LCS Column 4 Beam 3 Beam 4 Slab Beam 2 Beam 1 Column 3 Column 1 Column 2 Wall 2 Wall 1

  16. BUILDING ELEMENTS Wall 2 Wall 1 C1 C2 C3 C4 B1 B2 Slab B3 B4

  17. Slab B1 B2 B3 B4 Wall 1 Wall 2 C4 C1 C2 C3 Edge connection End connection STRUCTURE of CONNECTIVITY

  18. STRUCTURALREQUIREMENTSof LCSs • Restraint (sufficient members and supports to provide for equilibrium) Strength (sufficient material to prevent rupture) Rigidity (sufficient resistance to deformation) Ductility (sufficient capacity for energy absorption)

  19. COMPATIBILITY REQUIREMENTSof LCSs Spatial layout (e.g. hotels, bearing walls) Materials (e.g. masonry and vaults) Services (integration of services) • Construction (e.g. bearing walls, integral forms, tower cranes)

  20. Load Load Internal force STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR Internal forces Displacements/deformations Energy storage Language of description is mechanical.

  21. UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIORof LCSs Modeling of LCS Prediction of loads Analysis of mechanical forms Understanding in terms of basic modes

  22. DIRECTION of PREDOMINANT LOAD Vertical (gravitation) Horizontal (wind) Combination (earthquake)

  23. GEOMETRIC FORM Orientability Dimensionality 1D forms - rod, planar curve, spatial curve 2D forms - plane, surface, systems of 1D forms 3D forms - solid, systems of 1D and 2D forms

  24. Load Orientation Geometric Form MECHANICAL FORM Combination of geometric form and load • Mechanical form = Oriented and loaded geometric form

  25. Load Orientation Load Orientation MECHANICAL FORMS(BEAM and COLUMN) Geometric Form = ROD BEAM COLUMN

  26. Load Load Load Orientation Load Orientation ARCH CURVED BEAM MECHANICAL FORMS(ARCH and CURVED BEAM) Geometric Form = PLANAR CURVE

  27. Arch

  28. Curved Beam

  29. Spatial Curved Beam

  30. Load Load Load Orientation Load Orientation SLAB WALL MECHANICAL FORMS(SLAB and WALL) Geometric Form = PLANE

  31. Slab

  32. Folded Plate

  33. MECHANICAL FORMS(SHELL) Load

  34. Shell

  35. Dome

  36. UNDERSTANDING SPECIFICBUILDING LCS’s Resolve hierarchy of structural problems • Determine scale of problem (overall building, breakdown of main structure, detail elements) Resolve structure of elements Recognize the MF of elements

  37. World Trade Towers

  38. Gravitation Wind or Earthquake GF = ROD MF = COLUMN MF = BEAM SKYSCRAPER(overall building scale)

  39. Gravitation Gravitation Earthquake MF = SLAB MF = WALL MF = WALL SKYSCRAPER(main structure scale) GF = PLANE GF = PLANE

  40. Sears Tower

  41. Axial Load Lateral Load Weight MF = COLUMN MF = BEAM Weight MF = SLAB Axial Load SKYSCRAPER(detail scale) GF = ROD GF = PLANE

  42. Compression T e n s i o n BENDING MOMENT SHEAR BEHAVIOR of the BEAM INTERNAL FORCES

  43. Tension Compression COMPRESSIVE AXIAL FORCE TENSILE AXIAL FORCE BEHAVIOR of the COLUMN INTERNAL FORCES

  44. Load BENDING MOMENT BEHAVIOR of the COLUMN (BUCKLING) INTERNAL FORCE

  45. I beam RC beam DESIGN for BENDING Provide material away from the center. Provide the right kind of material.

  46. Truss I beam Welding Castella beam DESIGN for SHEAR Provide diagonals

  47. Provide the necessary material in axial form. DESIGN for COMPRESSION AGAINST BUCKLING Provide this material away from the center.

  48. 1. Space enclosure. Planes of equal potential energy 2. Provision of horizontal levels. TWO BASIC PROBLEMS

  49. CONCLUSION Look at a building LCS hierarchically. Identify the predominant loading. Identify the geometric form. Identify the mechanical form. Estimate the behavior.

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