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Technology and raw materials for solar cell quality quartz

Technology and raw materials for solar cell quality quartz. Erik Larsen & Knut L. Sandvik Dept. of geology and mineral resources engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway. Solar cell market. [MW P ]. [Year].

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Technology and raw materials for solar cell quality quartz

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  1. Technology and raw materials for solar cell quality quartz Erik Larsen & Knut L. SandvikDept. of geology and mineral resources engineering,Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway

  2. Solar cell market [MWP] [Year] Average growth rate in the solar electric energy demand from 1990-2001 was 22% per year Quartz demand:2001: ~ 65 000 tons2010: ~ 350 000 tons

  3. Solar cell market Thin film Other Multicrystalline Monocrystalline - Crystalline cells: made from Si- Thin film cells: made from amorphous Si/CdTe/CuInGa diselenide- Other cells: electrochemical cells, organic cells, etc..

  4. Crystalline silicon solar cell production 1) Mining and processing of raw materials (quartz + coke)2) Carbothermic reduction to metallurgical-grade Si (MG-Si)3) Purification of MG-Si to electronic-grade Si (EG-Si)4) Production of silicon blocks fromsolar-grade Si (SoG-Si)5) Wafer cutting and processing into wafers - Mainly quartzites and hydrothermal quartz- Little processing other than size reduction- Purity of quartz: typical 97-98% SiO2

  5. Crystalline silicon solar cell production 1) Mining and processing of raw materials (quartz + coke)2) Carbothermic reduction to metallurgical-grade Si (MG-Si)3) Purification of MG-Si to electronic-grade Si (EG-Si)4) Production of silicon blocks fromsolar-grade Si (SoG-Si)5) Wafer cutting and processing into wafers Quartz + Carbon Carbothermic reduction Refining MG-Si - Lump size material only (10-150 mm)- MG-Si purity: typical 98.5% Si

  6. Crystalline silicon solar cell production 1) Mining and processing of raw materials (quartz + coke)2) Carbothermic reduction to metallurgical-grade Si (MG-Si)3) Purification of MG-Si to electronic-grade Si (EG-Si)4) Production of silicon blocks fromsolar-grade Si (SoG-Si)5) Wafer cutting and processing into wafers MG-Si + HCl Trichlorosilane (HSiCl3) Purification of HSiCl3 Deposition on Si rods EG-Si - Stream of by-products/waste- Highly energy consuming- EG-Si purity: ppb-ppt

  7. Crystalline silicon solar cell production 1) Mining and processing of raw materials (quartz + coke)2) Carbothermic reduction to metallurgical-grade Si (MG-Si)3) Purification of MG-Si to electronic-grade Si (EG-Si)4) Production of silicon blocks from solar-grade Si (SoG-Si)5) Wafer cutting and processing into wafers Growth (monocryst. Si) EG-Si rejects +processing losses(SoG-Si) Si blocks Casting (multicryst. Si) - Highly energy consuming- Si purity: ppm-ppb

  8. Crystalline silicon solar cell production 1) Mining and processing of raw materials (quartz + coke)2) Carbothermic reduction to metallurgical-grade Si (MG-Si)3) Purification of MG-Si to electronic-grade Si (EG-Si)4) Production of silicon blocks fromsolar-grade Si (SoG-Si)5) Wafer cutting and processing into cells Si blocks Wafer cutting Cell processing Cut off Sawing losses To block prod.

  9. Purity and price of materials 1 ppt ~ 50 - 60 $/kg EG-Si 1 ppb ~ 200 - 230 $/kg Wafer 1 ppm SoG-Si ~ 25 - 30 $/kg 0.1 % ~ 1 - 1.5 $/kg ~ 0.05 $/kg 1 % MG-Si Qtz 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 [$/kg]

  10. Crystalline Si cell production costs - Processing of primary raw materials: approximately 0.5% of total costs

  11. Material impurities (ppm) A - Good quality lump quartzB - Processed hydrothermal quartzC - Processed pegmatite core quartzD - Hydrochemically treated quartzMG - Metallurgical gradeUMG - Upgraded metallurgical gradeSoG - Solar grade

  12. Purity and price of quartz 1 ppm SoG-Si ~25 - 30 $/kg D ~ 1.5 - 2.5 $/kg 0.001 % C ~ 0.4 - 0.6 $/kg 0.01 % 0.1 % B ~ 0.1 - 0.2 $/kg A - Lump qtz (mainly quartzites)B - Processed qtz (normal pegmatite)C - Processed qtz (pegmatite core)D - Hydrochemically treated qtz 1 % A ~ 0.05 $/kg

  13. Current technology Prod. of cells& cell modules Prod. of cells& cell modules Cell Module Wafer Wafer sawing Prod. ofblocks Block SoG-Si Prod. of EG-Si EG-Si Mining & Processing Lump quartz Carbothermic reduction MG-Si

  14. Current technology Prod. of cells& cell modules Prod. of cells& cell modules Cell Module - Over 50% of total costs- Very expencive materials Wafer Wafer sawing Prod. ofblocks Block SoG-Si Prod. of EG-Si EG-Si Mining & Processing Lump quartz Carbothermic reduction MG-Si

  15. Current technology Prod. of cells& cell modules Prod. of cells& cell modules Cell Module - Almost 50% loss- Recycling required Wafer Wafer sawing Prod. ofblocks Block SoG-Si Prod. of EG-Si EG-Si Mining & Processing Lump quartz Carbothermic reduction MG-Si

  16. Current technology Prod. of cells& cell modules Prod. of cells& cell modules Cell Module - Approximately 30% of total costs - Highly energy consuming Wafer Wafer sawing Prod. ofblocks Block SoG-Si Prod. of EG-Si EG-Si Mining & Processing Lump quartz Carbothermic reduction MG-Si

  17. Current technology Prod. of cells& cell modules Prod. of cells& cell modules Cell Module - Approximately 10% of total costs - Highly energy consuming- Limited availability- Unnecessary pure Wafer Wafer sawing Prod. ofblocks Block SoG-Si Prod. of EG-Si EG-Si Mining & Processing Lump quartz Carbothermic reduction MG-Si

  18. Current technology Prod. of cells& cell modules Prod. of cells& cell modules Cell Module - Approximately 3% of total costs- Impure raw materials - Can not be refined to SoG-Si quality Wafer Wafer sawing Prod. ofblocks Block SoG-Si Prod. of EG-Si EG-Si Mining & Processing Lump quartz Carbothermic reduction MG-Si

  19. Current technology Prod. of cells& cell modules Prod. of cells& cell modules Cell Module - Less than 0.5% of total costs- Few high-grade deposits - No processing due to requirements Wafer Wafer sawing Prod. ofblocks Block SoG-Si Prod. of EG-Si EG-Si Mining & Processing Lump quartz Carbothermic reduction MG-Si

  20. Future SoG-Si route Prod. of cells& cell modules Prod. of cells& cell modules Cell Module - Mineral processing- Electrolysis / plasma metallurgy- Purification combined with crystallisation Wafer Wafer sawing Prod. ofblocks Block SoG-Si Prod. of EG-Si EG-Si Mining & Processing Mining & Processing Lump quartz Quartz powder Carbothermic reduction Electrolysis /plasma techn. MG-Si

  21. Future SoG-Si route Prod. of cells& cell modules Prod. of cells& cell modules Cell Module - Mineral processing- Electrolysis / plasma metallurgy- Purification combined with crystallisation Wafer Wafer sawing Prod. ofblocks Block SoG-Si Mining & Processing Processed quartz Electrolysis /plasma techn.

  22. Conclusion

  23. Conclusion TODAY FUTURE

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