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AOARD Nano- Micro Systems, Mechanics, Materials and Aerospace Program March 29 2007

AOARD Nano- Micro Systems, Mechanics, Materials and Aerospace Program March 29 2007. Dr. Jim C Chang Program Director AFOSR/AOARD Air Force Research Laboratory ECE Department North Carolina State University. Where AOARD Fits. Air Force Materiel Command. Air Force Research Laboratory.

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AOARD Nano- Micro Systems, Mechanics, Materials and Aerospace Program March 29 2007

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  1. AOARD Nano- Micro Systems, Mechanics, Materials and Aerospace ProgramMarch 29 2007 Dr. Jim C Chang Program Director AFOSR/AOARD Air Force Research Laboratory ECE Department North Carolina State University

  2. Where AOARD Fits Air Force Materiel Command Air Force Research Laboratory 9 other Technology Directorates 3 Technical Directorates Air Force Office of Scientific Research International Office AOARD Detachment 2 EOARD Detachment 1

  3. AFOSR Within the AF Research Lab HQ AFRL DIRECTORATES TECHNOLOGY AIR VEHICLES SPACE VEHICLES MATERIALS & MANUFACTURING HUMAN EFFECTIVENESS SENSORS DIRECTED ENERGY PROPULSION INFORMATION MUNITIONS AFOSR BASIC RESEARCH IS THE FOUNDATION AFOSR is the Sole Manager of US Air Force Basic Research Funds

  4. Focused Long Term ChallengesExample Transformational Capabilities Long Range Strike Sensor Craft Persistent ISR Cyber Craft Reusable Launch Vehicle Rapid Access to Space Combined Air Operations Center of the Future

  5. Integrated-Automated Target Recognition Cooperative Aerospace Operations 20 Km Spot Strategic Technologies Rapid Decision Management Thermal Management Airborne Laser Nanoscience & Technology Local Environment NanoSensors (LENS) Biological Materials & Systems Exploitation

  6. AFOSR Research Areas Mathematics and Information Sciences Chemistry and Life Sciences Aerospace and Materials Sciences Physics and Electronics Sub-thrusts • Chemistry • Bio Sciences • Human Performance • Solid Mechanics and Structures • Materials • Fluid Mechanics • Propulsion • Physics • Electronics • Space Sciences • Info Sciences • Mathematics • Areas of enhanced emphasis: • Information Science • Computer-Assisted Human Decision-Making • Micro UAV Swarms • Nanoscience • Novel Energy Technology

  7. 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Femtochemistry • 1999 Nobel Prize in chemistry • Awarded for development of “femtochemistry” methods to visualize, understand, and predict reactions Prof. Ahmed Zewail Caltech • Funded by AFOSR since 1986 • AFOSR support established initial femtosecond facilities • Allows new insights into reaction mechanisms, the effects of solvation, and HEDM synthesis.

  8. h - e R O R O R O O R O R O n 300 fs R - + 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Conductive Polymers Donor Acceptor • 2000 Nobel Prize in chemistry • Awarded "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers" Prof. Alan J. Heeger UCSB • Funded by AFOSR since 1989 • AFOSR support branched into other applications of conjugated polymers • Discovery of Ultrafast (300 fs) photoinduced charge transfer led to organic solar cell research and bio-chemical sensor development 1Opt. Commun. 141, 243 (1997) 2Phys. Rev. B56, 4573 (1997)

  9. AFOSR Leadership Roles • Foster Revolutionary Basic Research for Air Force Needs • 728 extramural research grants at 211 universities • 194 intramural research projects at Air Force laboratories • 133 STTR small business - university contracts • 368 transitions to DOD and industry • Build Relationships with Leading Researchers – Here and Abroad • 79 summer faculty; 40 postdocs at AFRL • 264 short-term foreign visitors; 37 personnel exchanges • 58 technical workshops; 205 conferences sponsored • Liaison Offices in Europe and Asia • Educate Tomorrow’s Scientists and Engineers • About 2000 post-docs and grad students on research grants • 430 National Defense Science & Engineering Fellowships

  10. 2% 2% EU 28% 38% 4% 3% 16% 1% 2% <1% 3% 1% * UIS S&T database; World Bank - PPP data 2% 2% EU 25% 33% 13% 12% 3% 1% 5% <1% 3% 1% Lyons, Mikami 2006, AOARD ** OECD 2005 PPP; Global S&T Report (Batelle) - PPP data World S&T Investment1996* to 2004** Asia Share 1996: 26% 2004: 35% Lyons, Mikami 2005, AOARD +78%

  11. Photo courtesy of Mr. William Rieken Window-on-Science Visits (WOSs) • AOARD invites prominent Asian Scientists to USAF labs/centers: • Visitor provides a seminar and engages in technical discussions • with USAF S&T’s • Official travel expenses are paid by AOARD • Short-term visits to one or more locations • Foreign military and civilian government employees may not be • eligible, unless they are academicians • AOARD sends out Base Clearance Data -- FDO and Hosting POC • Lead time: At least 60 days before travel start date

  12. Conference Support (CSP) • AOARD funds workshops and conferences in Asia to promote • scientific interactions: • We provide financial support to Asian conference organizers • AOARD sponsorship must be separate from corporate sponsorship • The support may be for a stand-alone workshop or for an • individual session within a large conference • Lead time: As early as possible AOARD, 2006

  13. R & D Contracts/Grants (R&D) • AOARD funds small research proposals submitted in response to • AFOSR Broad Area Announcement (BAA) and USAF interests: • USAF S&Ts evaluate the proposals • The Proposer’s Guide is on the AFOSR web page • through AOARD web page http://www.tokyo.afosr.af.mil • Follow-on contracts are cost-shared by other USAF organization • AOARD administers larger contracts on behalf of AFOSR and AFRL • Lead time: Usually 60-90 days to complete the process • (White paper → Proposal → Evaluation → Contract) AOARD, 2006

  14. R&D COUNTRY WOS CSP TOTAL KOREA 30 11 16 57 JAPAN 16 15 16 47 AUSTRALIA 16 5 18 39 TAIWAN 9 3 14 26 INDIA 8 8 10 26 SINGAPORE 4 5 7 16 CHINA 3 2 0 5 MALAYSIA 3 2 0 5 THAILAND 0 2 1 3 VIETNAM 2 1 0 3 NEW ZEALAND 1 0 1 2 INDONESIA 0 1 0 1 AOARD Program Activities FY-06

  15. PROGRAM GOALS Seek and Cultivate Teaming and Leverage Harvest and Discovery

  16. OVERVIEW TOPICS Power andEnergy Intelligent Structures/Systems for Aerospace Systems Multi-Scale and Interfaces for “Materials-by-Design” AFOSR/Taiwan Nanotechnology Initiative Aerospace Sciences Topics

  17. BEST RESEARCH – CELL EFFICIENCIES Spectrolab 36 Multijunction ConcentratorsThree-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)Two-junction (2-terminal, monolithic) Crystalline Si CellsSingle crystalMulticrystallineThin Si Thin Film TechnologiesCu(In,Ga)Se2CdTeAmorphous Si:H (stabilized) Emerging PVDye cells Organic cells(various technologies) Spectrolab Japan Energy 32 NREL/ Spectrolab NREL NREL 28 UNSW UNSW 24 UNSW Spire UNSW NREL Cu(In,Ga)Se2 14x concentration UNSW Stanford Spire UNSW Georgia Tech ARCO 20 Efficiency (%) NREL Sharp Georgia Tech Westing- house NREL Varian NREL NREL 2011 Goal: 15 % NREL 16 UniversitySo. Florida NREL No. Carolina StateUniversity NREL AstroPower Euro-CIS Boeing Solarex ARCO 12 Boeing Kodak Boeing United Solar AMETEK AIST University ofLausanne Masushita United Solar AstroPower Kodak Boeing 8 Monosolar Photon Energy 2011 Goal: 10 % (Dr. Jenekhe) Siemens RCA Princeton Solarex Boeing University Linz University ofLausanne University of Maine 4 RCA RCA ECN, The Netherlands RCA RCA Cambridge RCA UCSB Kodak RCA UC Berkeley 0 2010 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Taken from a presentation by Baldwin “Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; Energy: A 21st Century Perspective; National Academy of Engineering; June 2, 2005”

  18. POWER AND ENERGYBio-Inspired Light Harvesting Research Prof. Mamoru Nango, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan • Starting with a One-year AOARD Seed Grant - 2006 • AFOSR MURI: Energy Harvesting and Storage Systems and their Integration to Aero Vehicles • Team Members: UW, UCLA, UC, AFRL/VA, AFRL/ML,AOARD • Technical Effort Energy Harvesting - Mechanical & Solar ・Solar Cell - Low Cost & Efficient ・Polymeric: 3% to 10% ・Bio-Inspired Design: 8% to 15% (Prof. Nango + 40 people team through AOARD)

  19. POWER AND ENERGYBIO-INSPIRED LIGHT HARVESTING RESEARCH Scientific Approach ・Mimic biosystem photosynthesis “structure”, “function”, “process” ・New Energy & Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan, UK, USA Accomplishment 1. X-ray crystal structure identification of LH1-RC and LH2 LH2 LH1-RC Bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) Absorption Carotenoid

  20. POWER AND ENERGYBIO-INSPIRED LIGHT HARVESTING RESEARCH RC or LH-RC e- MV++ Zn e- hn e- Au e- Rb.sphaeroides e- LH1-b ADKSDLGYTGLTDEQAQELHS VYMSGLWLFSAVAIVAHLAVYIW RPWF SH VYMSGLWLFSAVAIVAHLAVYIW RPWFGGC S N-terminal hydrophobic core C-terminal S S 2. Reconstitute LH1-RC (photosynthetic proteins) on electrode using bio-selfassembly Au electrode RC or LH/RC complex Photocurrent on electrode Photocurrent on electrode ITO electrode Glass substrate 3.Stabilized APS(3-aminopropylsilane)-ITO

  21. POWER AND ENERGYBIO-INSPIRED LIGHT HARVESTING RESEARCH 4.Synthesized LH1 polypeptide/pigments complex for broadband (UV to IR) absorption for device efficiency and stability Spheroideneisolated from Rb. sphaeroides (Left) Spirilloxanthin isolated from Rs. rubrum (Right) • Future plan • Develop nano-TiO2 electrode and device model for functionalized • LH1-RC & LH2 to increase performance & stability

  22. Advantages of Our Approach FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH USING ATOMS • Atoms move to the minimum-energy position • Arbitrary two atoms ’i’ and ’j’ are regarded as two nodes, and their potential as one element • Element Shape Function Formation • Computationally efficient • Reflects physical reality • Conducive for the observation of deformation mechanisms

  23. FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH USING ATOMS Nanomechanics and Nanoplasticity Strain Gradient Distributions at Three Different Indentation Depths Mechanical Characteristics of Nanotube Junctions Physical Review B, 2006 Jeng et al., Applied Physics Letters, 2006

  24. NANO-SMA/SMP FOR COMPOSITES Impurity-Free High-Performance SMA and SMP Gas-atomization-produced Nickel-Titanium SMA powders Electro-dissolving SMA Fiber NEW AND IMPROVED MATRIX PROPERTIES MORPHING AND SHAPE CONTROL FOR PERFORMANCE

  25. Recent Results • Taiwan/Korea Nano-Science Initiatives: Leveraging Asia’s $1.5 billion nano-technology investment • National Central University, Taiwan: ROCSAT: Studying low-latitude ionospheric scintillations - communication/navigation outage forecasting • Tohoku University, Japan: Tackling Hurdles in Micro-turbine Research: lunch-box-size 100 watt power source, 10 mm rotor, 1 million rpm bearing • Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia: Gaining access to HyShot flight data from world’s 1st in-flight scramjet combustor test (Mach 7.5) • Cooperative Operation of UAVs: Australian Center for Field Robotics (ACFR): Multi-objective control laws & cooperative airborne inertial - SLAM Photo courtesy of Dr. Isomura Photo Courtesy of Dr. Allan Paull Photo courtesy of Dr. Sukkarieh

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