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The crop technology challenge for African rural development

The crop technology challenge for African rural development. WHAT will WE do Today that will MATTER Tomorrow?. IITA: Research to nourish…. Health Livelihoods Markets Harvests Dreams Africa. Most important crops of African farmers.

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The crop technology challenge for African rural development

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  1. The crop technology challenge for African rural development

  2. WHAT will WE do Todaythat will MATTER Tomorrow?

  3. IITA: Research to nourish… • Health • Livelihoods • Markets • Harvests • Dreams • Africa

  4. Most important crops of African farmers Crop t (million) CGIAR IARC Cassava 92 IITA Yam 37 IITA Maize 27 IITA/CIMMYT Plantain 23IITA Sorghum 18 ICRISAT Millet 14 ICRISAT Paddy rice 11 WARDA/IRRI Sweet potato 9 CIP/IITA-SARRNET Banana 6 IITA Potato 4 CIP Cowpea 3 IITA Wheat 2 CIMMYT Beans (Phaseolus) 2 CIAT

  5. Important food (per caput kg/year) in African diet

  6. Landholder development trajectory

  7. (I) Developing commercial “windows” for the less vulnerable farmers through enhancing marketing pathways of agricultural produce with high levels of added-value (II) Increasing food security by broadening the resilience of cereals (mostly maize) monoculture into diversified crop-livestock systems, which are more environmentally resilient and nutritionally superior Two interdependent pathways for rural development of sub-Saharan Africa

  8. Other crops versus cereals with drought

  9. Crop Technology Uptake Paradigm • Replacement of old technology by new technology with better fitness to “environments” • Farmers and researchers search for crop technology adaptation in gradients arising from (a)biotic stresses, and other factors • Crop Technology Paradigm: Technology = Genotype x Environment x Crop Management x Policy x Institutions x People

  10. Research-for-development (R4D) • R4D replaces with a means-for-end continuum approach the old disconnecting concept of research and development (R&D) • R4D needs society-conscious committed researchers, who transform into developers by bringing technology focus to their work • Research products from R4D are demand- (not supply-) driven by end-users or markets • From planning development goals should drive the agenda: “from thinking to action” – “research to decision”

  11. R4D end-user-driven key elements • Trade and marketing to encourage rural economic growth: “money in the pocket instead of only one meal in the table” • Crop diversification to avert famine and strengthen food security • Enhanced governance to build ownership between investors and implementing actors in development • Partnerships to attain win-win synergies

  12. Private sector (incl. farmers) in R4D • Stakeholders: ranging from smallholder with agro-entrepreneur skills to large scale company • Common: looking for better income or profits • Roles: Investor, R4D partner or beneficiary • Uptakes: Scaling-up and scaling-out

  13. End-user participatory R4D with local partners Decentralizing after refining target areas and partners Shifting R4D from a central research station to local undertakings Individual R4D programs maintain diversity across environments Driven by needs of the rural poor Agro-eco-zone approach for developing locally adapted technology Responsive to local systems for technology exchange Reduces yield loss and confer great stability: input and output traits Decentralizing R4D through networking

  14. CGIAR King Baudouin Award 1986: Maize streak virus through crop breeding (IITA) 1990: Biological control of cassava mealybug (IITA) 1994: Black sigatoka in plantains through innovative genetic enhancement (IITA) 2000: NERICA: new rice for Africa (WARDA) 1995 World Food Prize to Hans Herren (IITA biological control) Other CGIAR Awards Partnership on cassava improvement Sierra Leone-IITA Young scientists: Legg (IITA 1999) – CMD; Vanlauwe (IITA 2000) – BNMS NRS – Ilona (IITA 1999) cassava breeding Impacts of African Crop Science

  15. New cultivars; e.g. 206 cassava in 20 nations, and 267 maize in 11 nations (incl. 81 by private sector – hybrids) Mean on station yield gains in above nations: 49% for cassava and 45% for maize Economic return for cassava biological control: US $ 2.2 billion for US $ 14.8 million or 200:1 Potential 100:1 for cassava green mite integrated pest management Water hyacinth control in Lake Victoria and others African impacts in crop technology

  16. Cassava: the best kept secret of Africa [Annual growth rates (%) ‘70s- ‘80s & ‘80s-‘90s]

  17. Assessment of impact of IITA germplasm improvement (CGIAR-commissioned study) Cassava (20 countries of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) • Between 1965 and 1998, 200 cassava cultivars were released by NARS • IITA materials represented 80% of the germplasm incorporated in new varieties for the 1990s • Resulted in yield advantage of about 49% • Represents an increment to annual production that provides food security to a further 14 million people

  18. Partnership example: NARO-IITA East Africa Root Crops Research Network (EARRNET) • National program of Uganda in partnership with EARRNET has released to farmers 12 CMD-resistant varieties of IITA origin, and are being grown in over 100,000 ha • Benefits from Uganda CMD-resistant cassava multiplication project (ACDI PL480) were approximately US$36 million over 4 years (1998–2001) for an investment of US$0.8 million (DREAM impact model of IFPRI)

  19. Southern Africa Root Crops Research Network (SARRNET) In-country impact of Regional Crop Network • National program of Malawi in partnership with SARRNET officially released 3 CMD-resistant cassava cultivars and 3 sweetpotatocultivars in 1999 • Area under cassava in Malawi increased from 1991/92 to 1997/98 season by 139% and 587% for cassava and sweetpotato New cultivars (% of total area) in the SARRNET region as result of SARRNET multiplication and distribution program 1998 1999 2000 2001 Cassava 5.00 7.38 8.81 9.76 Sweetpotato 6.00 12.57 12.77 15.59

  20. Maize in sub-Saharan Africa: from 1960s to 2000

  21. Number of released cultivars (1965–1997): Proportion of genetic materials in released cultivars: Total area planted to improved maize varieties: Contribution of increased cultivation of improved cultivars in 1998: 186 from public sector and 86 from private sector 49% from IITA, 11% from CIMMYT, and 16% from NARES 37% Could supply 2200 kcal per person per day to 9.3 million people for one year Maize (11 countries in West and Central Africa) Impact

  22. 70 60 Control 50 40 ng ferritin per mg cell protein 30 20 10 0 Var 7-Y Var 6-Y Var 8-Y Var 1-W Var 5-W Var 4-W Var 0-W Var 3-W Var 2-W Var 9-W Var 17-Y Var 16-Y Var 20-Y Var 10-Y Var 15-Y Var 18-W Var 13-W Var 19-W Var 11-W Var 12-W Var 14-W Cultivars Bioavailability (ferritin formation in Caco-2 cells) from kernel-iron (20 early-maize cultivars and a control cultivar) • 45% more bioavailable iron than widely grown variety (control)

  23. Biological control of aflatoxin • Competitive exclusion (one strain competing to exclude another) as a biological control strategy is relatively new but very promising

  24. Cowpea and soybean: legumes for Africa

  25. Cowpea: A crop failure insurance 3500 Millet 3000 2500 2000 Cowpea Grain yield (kg/Ha) 1500 1000 500 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 Useful rainfall (mm)

  26. 10% in area and 20% in yield of legumes in Nigeria = US $ 44 m N Soybean in Nigeria from 60,000 ha to 405,000 ha within 1984-1999 341% in area and 310% in Nigeria cowpeas, leading to US $ 650 million of annual value Musa germplasm for black Sigatoka better 10:1 than pesticides (rainy season) or 5.5:1 (dry season - scarcity) Impacts in US $ and livelihoods

  27. Impact on feeding people in Africa • Without these research efforts, 25% less maize would currently be produced in sub-Saharan Africa, equal to 8 million t year-1, or the food requirements of 40 million people. Cassava production would be 50% or less, or over 13 million dry cassava t year-1, enough to meet the calorie requirements of 65 million people. • For maize and cassava alone, R4D meant in excess 100 million more people can be fed (or one out of six inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa!!!)

  28. Agro-biotechnology for rural Africa

  29. Agro-biotechnology strategy • Conduct applied biotech research to address the food and income needs • Transfer, in collaboration with partners, biotech products from labs to markets • Serve as a platform for biotech transfer between advanced labs and NARS • Enhanced selected NARS capacity to apply and monitor biotech via comprehensive interactions and training-through-research programs

  30. Agro-biotechnology R4D • Tissue culture and micropropagation • Recombinant DNA and diagnostics • Transgenics and GM-food, -feed, -fiber • Genomics and marker-aided introgression and selection (Biosafety and IPR management)

  31. CGIAR centers biotech supply for SSA Crops Tissue Culture GM-tech DNA Marker Training CIAT routine cassava map/QTL In Colombia CIMMYT maize, wheat map/QTL In Mexico CIP routine potato, sweetpotato map/QTL In Perú ICRISAT legumes map/QTL In India IITA routine cassava, Musa map/QTL In SSA IPGRI routine Musa genomics with ARIs In Côte d’Ivoire Double-haploids WARDA rice map/QTL

  32. Some examples of on-going CGIAR-NARS biotech partnership projects in sub-Saharan Africa CIAT: bean biofortification CIMMYT: QTL mapping in maize at Kenya and Zimbabwe: drought, insects, MSV, QPM • IRMA: Insect-Resistance Maize for Africa CIP: micropropagation of pathogen-tested potato and sweetpotato ICRISAT-IITA-ILRI: Plant Biodiversity and Genomics Center in Nairobi IITA: Nigerian Biotech Program IPGRI-IITA: Musa biotechnology in Uganda ISNAR: Capacity building on biosafety, planning and priority setting, IPR WARDA: NERICA

  33. Cowpea nutritious but under attack

  34. Maruca, the major threat to cowpea The legume pod borer, Maruca – losses up to 80%

  35. Plant Breeding and Biotechnology • The rationale for investing in biotechnology is that this field of research may provide the opportunity to achieve technological advances beyond what could be realized from the use of existing conventional methods • Modern plant breeding programs cannot operate without biotechnology

  36. What WE will do Today that will contribute to their laugher and smiles? • End-user driven research-for-development to nourish Africa

  37. Advanced Research Systems & International CGIAR Centers Regional CGIAR Centers Within a Global Research System SROs & FARA & Local/National Systems

  38. Research-for-development Framework Developing a R4D proposal Assess demand or opportunity for impact Identify constraints/traits Propose solutions Use interventions/tools Find/develop technology Deliver outputs to end-users or markets Implementing the project Purpose (s) 2. Objective(s) 3. Activity plan 4. Results as per milestones 5. Outcomes leading to impacts on Science and livelihoods

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