Unit 2: Part A

1. 21st Century College English: Book 1 Unit 2: Part A Conversational Ballgames

2. Unit Two: Part A • Pre-Reading Activities • Intensive Study • Exercises • Assignment

3. Pre-Reading Activities • Pre-Reading Discussion • Pre-Listening

4. Warming-up Activity: What if? • In France what will happen if you send flowers before visiting a home for dinner. What if you send chrysanthemums(菊花)? • In the UK what will happen if you stick up your big thumb beside a road? What if you go shopping on Sundays? • In the US what will happen if you tip a waiter with some pennies at a restaurant? • In Korea, what will happen if you drink too much at a friend’s house? • In India and Malaysia, what will happen if you use your left hand to pick up food? • In Japan, what will happen if you bring red roses to a friend’s house? What if you do not bring any present?

5. Pre-reading Activities: Listening Words & Phrases conversation comment on bowling lane connect converse switch n. an informal talk in which people exchange news, feelings, and thoughts v. to express an opinion about someone or something n. an indoor game (保龄球) n. 球道，车道；胡同，小巷 v. to join two or more things together v. to talk informally, to have a conversation vi. to change

6. Pre-reading Activities: Listening • Listen to the following passage. • First time: • Second Time:

7. Pre-reading Activities: Listening 1. What was the main cause of the problem discussed in the listening? A) She was using a Western style in conversations among the Japanese. B) She insisted on speaking English even though she was in Japan. C) She spoke the Japanese language poorly. D) She was an American woman married to a Japanese man. A) She was using a Western style in conversations among the Japanese.

8. Pre-reading Activities: Listening 2. Which of the following comparisons does the listening make about Japanese and Western conversational styles? A) The Japanese style is like tennis and the Western style is like volleyball. B) The Western style is more athletic than the Japanese style. C) The Japanese style is like bowling and the Western style is like tennis. D) The Japanese style is like singles tennis and the Western style is like doubles. B) The Western style is more athletic than the Japanese style.

9. Pre-reading Activities: Listening 3. The author considers the Western conversational style to be _____ . A) more interactive (互动的) B) louder C) more personal D) better A) more interactive (互动的)

10. Pre-reading Activities: Listening 4. The author considers the Japanese conversational style to be _____. A) easier to adjust to (适应) B) more strictly (严谨地) organized C) more traditional D) better B) more strictly (严谨地) organized

11. Pre-reading Activities: Listening 5. The author concludes that _____. A) once you know the differences, it is easy to adjust to them B) because she is American, she will never really understand Japan C) life will be much easier for her students than it was for her D) it remains difficult to switch from one style to another D) it remains difficult to switch from one style to another

12. Pre-Reading Activities • Intensive Study • Difficult sentences • Key words, phrases & usages • Related information

13. Intensive Study Conversational Ballgames 1After I was married and had lived in Japan for a while, my Japanese gradually improved to the point where I could take part in simple conversations with my husband, his friends, and family. And I began to notice that often, when I joined in, the others would look startled, and the conversation would come to a halt. After this happened several times, it became clear to me that I was doing something wrong. But for a long time, I didn't know what it was. • a conversation about family and friends • They had a short conversation in German and seemed to be disagreeing about something. • It's impossible to carry on a conversation with all this noise in the background. • 'Did you have a good journey?' he said, trying to make conversation . • He was silent, no matter how hard Sofia tried to engage him in conversation . • After a while, the conversation turned to a friend's coming wedding. • They were deep in conversation , relaxed and smiling.

14. Intensive Study • to make someone suddenly surprised or slightly shocked • Sorry, I didn't mean to startle you. • be startled to do something • I was startled to see Amanda. • a startled expression Conversational Ballgames 1After I was married and had lived in Japan for a while, my Japanese gradually improved to the point where I could take part in simple conversations with my husband, his friends, and family. And I began to notice that often, when I joined in, the others would look startled, and the conversation would come to a halt. After this happened several times, it became clear to me that I was doing something wrong. But for a long time, I didn't know what it was. • slowly, over a long period of time • Jill gradually became aware of an awful smell. • Gradually, my ankle got better. • Something's gone wrong with my watch. • No, no - you've got it all wrong! We're just friends! • Don't get me wrong - I like Jenny. • You can't go wrong with a little black dress, can you? I couldn't help noticing the bruises on her arm.

15. Intensive Study 2Finally, after listening carefully to many Japanese conversations, I discovered what my problem was. Even though I was speaking Japanese, I was handling the conversation in a Western way. 3Japanese-style conversations develop quite differently from western-style conversations. And the difference isn't only in the languages. I realized that just as I kept trying to hold western-style conversations even when I was speaking Japanese, so were my English students trying to hold Japanese style conversations even when they were speaking English. We were unconsciously playing entirely different conversational ballgames.

16. Intensive Study 4 A western-style conversation between two people is like a game of tennis. If I introduce a topic, a conversational ball, I expect you to hit it back. If you agree with me, I don't expect you simply to agree and do nothing more. I expect you to add something — a reason for agreeing, another example, or a remark to carry the idea further. But I don't expect you always to agree. I am just as happy if you question me, or challenge me, or completely disagree with me. Whether you agree or disagree, your response will return the ball to me. • something that you say when you express an opinion or say what you have noticed • The Senator denied making the remark . • He was fired for making racist remarks during an interview.

17. Intensive Study 5And then it is my turn again. I don't serve a new ball  from my original starting line. I hit your ball back again from where it has bounced. I carry your idea further, or answer your questions or objections, or challenge or question you. And so the ball goes back and forth. 6If there are more than two people in the conversation, then it is like doubles in tennis or like volleyball. There's no waiting in line. Whoever is nearest and quickest hits the ball, and if you step back, someone else will hit it. No one stops the game to give you a turn. You're responsible fortaking your own turn and no one person has the ball for very long. • We travel back and forth all the time between Canada and England. • He was pacing back and forth across the room.

18. Intensive Study 7A Japanese style conversation, however, is not at all like tennis or volleyball, it's like bowling. You wait for your turn, and you always know your place in line. It depends on such things as whether you are older or younger, a close friend or a relative stranger to the previous speaker, in a senior or junior position, and so on.

19. Intensive Study 8The first thing is to wait for your turn, patiently and politely. When your moment comes, you step up to the starting line with your bowling ball, and carefully bowl it. Everyone else stands back, making sounds of polite encouragement. Everyone waits until your ball has reached the end of the lane, and watches to see if it knocks down all the pins, or only some of them, or none of them. Then there is a pause, while everyone registers your score.

20. Intensive Study 9Then, after everyone is sure that you are done, the next person in line steps up to the same starting line, with a different ball. He doesn't return your ball. There is no back and forth at all. And there is always a suitable pause between turns. There is no rush, no impatience. 10No wonder everyone looked startled when I took part in Japanese conversations. I paid no attention to whose turn it was, and kept snatching the ball halfway down the lane and throwing it back at the bowler. Of course the conversation fell apart, I was playing the wrong game. • As soon as I'm done, I'll give you a call. • Are you done with this magazine? • I'll be glad when the exams are over and done with (=completely finished) . • The thief snatched her purse and ran. • Keith snatches toys away from the other children. • I managed to snatch an hour's sleep on the train.

21. Intensive Study 11This explains why it can be so difficult to get a western-style discussion going with Japanese students of English. Whenever I serve a volleyball, everyone just stands back and watches it fall. No one hits it back. Everyone waits until I call on someone to take a turn. And when that person speaks, he doesn't hit my ball back. He serves a new ball. Again, everyone just watches it fall. So I call on someone else. This person does not refer to what the previous speaker has said. He also serves a new ball. Everyone begins again from the same starting line, and all the balls run parallel. There is never any back and forth.

22. Intensive Study 12Now that you know about the difference in the conversational ballgames, you may think that all your troubles are over. But if you have been trained all your life to play one game, it is no simple matter to switch to another, even if you know the rules. Tennis, after all, is different from bowling.

23. Key words, phrases & usages to the point where — until, to the extent that, up to the time when something develops or is achieved Translate: 我学日语学到可以流利地讲话的程度。 Example: He exercised so hard to the point where he couldn't move. Key: I studied Japaneseto the point whereI became a fluent speaker.

24. Key words, phrases & usages come to a halt — stop moving; stop completely Translate: The economic boom came to a sudden halt. Example: The car slowed down and came to a halt in front of the building. Key: 经济繁荣期嘎然而止。

25. Key words, phrases & usages halt – n. • 1 [singular] a stop or pause • Heavy snowfalls brought traffic to a halt (=made it stop moving) . • The World Championship was brought to a temporary halt (=was stopped from continuing) . • Come etc to a halt (=stop moving or continuing) • The whole peace process seems to have come to a halt. • The President has called for a halt to the wave of emigration. • 2 call a halt (to something) --- to stop an activity from continuing • I urge those responsible to call a halt to the violence.

26. Grammar Focus whoever — no matter who Cf. Whatever, however, wherever, whichever, etc. can be used as conjunctions in the same way as the expressions no matter what, no matter how, and so on. e.g. Please let us know no matter where you go. = Please let us know wherever you go. e.g. Life goes on no matter how upset you are. = However upset you are, life goes on. Example: Whoever comes here will receive a VIP welcome. More to learn

27. Grammar Focus whoever — no matter who Drill:Rewrite the following two sentences. 1. No matter which one you choose, you’ll be disappointed. 2. No matter what reason you have, you should not cheat. Whichever you choose, you’ll be disappointed You should not cheat whatever reason you have. More to learn

28. Grammar Focus whoever — no matter who Whoever is most qualified • Drill:Complete the following sentences(P.41, Ex. VIII): • (谁最胜任谁就) _____ should get the job. • (每当天气不好时) _____, he takes whatever umbrella he can find. • He makes a lot of friends (不管他到哪儿) _____. • She could not remember what she had dreamed of, (不管她怎样努力) _____. Whenever the weather's bad wherever he goes however hard she tried

29. Key words, phrases & usages take turns — do something one by one in regular order Example: The students take turns answering the teacher's questions. Fill in the blank: Hey, don’t jump the queue! You should _____ (等着轮 到你). wait to take your turn

30. Key words, phrases & usages previous — happening, coming, or being earlier in time or order Translate: The police asked the suspect where he had been the previous night. Key: 警察问嫌疑人前一天晚上去了哪里。

31. Key words, phrases & usages halfway — at the midpoint between two things Example I was halfway up the stairs when I heard a knock at the door. Translate: 不要中途放弃，你能成功的。 Key: Don’t give up halfway. You can make it.

32. Key words, phrases & usages refer to — talk about or mention; speak about Translate: The president referred to the economic crisis in Asia in his TV statement. Example Although the newspaper article named no names, everyone knew it was referring to the bad behavior of the voted World Footballer of the Year. Key: 总统在电视讲话中提到了亚洲经济危机。

33. Key words, phrases & usages now (that) — as a result of the fact (that); since Example Now that I've been to the concert, I understand why young people are so crazy about the superstar. Translate: 既然你成年了，就要对自己的所作所为负责。 Key: Now thatyou’re coming of age, you should be responsible for what you do. More to learn

34. Key words, phrases & usages now (that) — as a result of the fact (that); since • Complete the following sentences:(p. 42, Ex. X) • Now that he is getting older, _____. • 2. _____ now that the bus has broken down halfway. he might be more patient I have to take a taxi home

35. Key words, phrases & usages switch — change, esp. suddenly Fill in the blank: It is no good for you to _____ (太经常换工作). Example: He didn't seem to like any of the programs and kept switching from one channel to another. switch jobs too often

36. Text-related information (2) BOWLING GAME An indoor game in which you roll a large heavy ball along a wooden track in order to knock down a group of pins (wooden objects shaped like bottles).

37. Text-related information (1) TENNIS A game for two people or two pairs of people who use rackets to hit a small soft ball backwards and forwards over a net.

38. Exercises 1. Comprehension 2.Word Building • Ex. VI • Ex. VII 3. Listening & Speaking • Understanding a Conversation • Note-Taking

39. Comprehension The Outline of Text A Para. 1~3 Introduction of the topic The author found it difficult to join in a Japanese conversation, and she considered the difference in conversation style as the reason. Para. 4~9 A comparison Respective description of the Western and the Japanese conversation styles

40. Comprehension The Outline of Text A Para. 10~11 How the two different styles influence conversation The author was handling the Japanese conversation in a Western way, while her students are always handling the English conversation in a Japanese way. Para. 12 Conclusion It is no simple matter to switch from one style to another.

41. Comprehension Detailed Analysis of Text A Focus on the comparison and contrast between the two conversation styles introducing a topic is like ? making a proper response is like ? carrying on a conversation is like ? If the conversation involves more than two people, then it is like ? 发球. In the author’s description, a western-style conversation is like ? hitting the ball back. making the ball back and forth. like a game of tennis. 网球双打.

42. Comprehension Detailed Analysis of Text A Focus on the comparison and contrast between the two conversation styles waiting your turn to speak is like waiting your turn to ? when and how an opinion is to be voiced depends mainly on ? ? ? A Japanese-style conversation is like ? （保龄球）投球. one's age bowling . how well one knows the previous speaker one's social position

43. Comprehension Detailed Analysis of Text A Focus on the comparison and contrast between the two conversation styles In the author’s description, a western-style conversation is likea game of tennis. A Japanese-style conversation is likebowling. The typical feature of the conversation: every one has to wait for his turn no back and forth interactive back and forth

44. Word Building The suffix -ance and -ence can replace -ant and -ent in certain adjectives to form nouns with the meaning having the quality or being in the condition of the root word. 《读写教程 I》:Ex. VI, p. 33 Suffixes e.g. different  difference = the quality of being different important  importance = the quality of being important -ance -ence to replace: -ant -ent to mean: having the quality being in the condition

45. Word Building VI. The suffix -ance and -ence can replace -ant and -ent in certain adjectives to form nouns with the meaning having the quality or being in the condition of the root word. • A. • 1) absent  8) confident  • 2) convenient  9) evident  • 3) independent  10) intelligent  • 4) patient  11) present  • distant  12) violent  • excellent  13) significant  • silent  14) different  absence confidence convenience evidence independence intelligence patience presence distance violence significance excellence difference silence

46. Word Building • B. • 1. __________ in sports requires both talent and hard training. • 2. Since gaining its ____________ from Great Britain in 1947, India has sought to develop a modern, comprehensive school system. • Educators agree that there are no tests that accurately measure ___________. • 4. The return of Hong Kong to China on July 1, 1997 was a historical event of great ___________. • 5. He doesn’t have enough _________ to be a good teacher. Excellence independence intelligence significance patience

47. Word Building 6. There was a long __________ after Bob had finished speaking. 7. Many parents worry that if their children see too much __________ on TV they’ll believe that fighting and killing are normal behavior in daily life. 8. English and German are sister languages, but there’re a lot of __________ between them. 9. The __________ from Detroit to Chicago is about two hundred and eight miles. 10. If you never praise her, she’ll never gain self- __________. silence violence difference distance confidence

48. Word Building The prefix dis- can be added to verbs, nouns or adjectives to make the meaning of a word just the opposite. 《读写教程 I》:Ex. VII, p. 34 Prefix e.g. agree  disagree = not agree order  disorder = without order honest  dishonest = not honest dis- to mean: without not no

49. Word Building Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of the words given below. disappear disadvantage disagree disbelief dislike disorder dishonest discomfort disobey dissatisfied 1. Not every ship or plane crossing the Bermuda Triangle has _____. disappeared 2. There’s far too much _____ in this classroom; now everybody sit down and be quiet! disorder

50. Word Building Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of the words given below. disappear disadvantage disagree disbelief dislike disorder dishonest discomfort disobey dissatisfied 3. The previous secretary was dismissed because her _____ report to the manager. dishonest 4. Would you _____ your parents if you believed they were wrong? disobey