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World War II. Prelude to Global War. U.S. and other developed countries suffered from severe economic depression Europe became a hotbed of tension. . . several factors would lead to a second world war. Causes of WWII. Major factors that set stage for world war: Treaty of Versailles
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Prelude to Global War • U.S. and other developed countries suffered from severe economic depression • Europe became a hotbed of tension. . . several factors would lead to a second world war.
Causes of WWII • Major factors that set stage for world war: • Treaty of Versailles • Rise of Dictators • Appeasement
1. Treaty of Versailles • Ended WWI (1919) • Germany forced to: • Accept War Guilt Clause • Give up territory • Pay reparations • Reduce armaments • Germany resented this treaty • Wanted revenge
2. Rise of Dictators • Dictator: totalitarian leader with ultimate power • Totalitarian leaders rose to power in: • Italy • Soviet Union • Japan (military leaders) • Germany
Mussolini in Italy • Benito Mussolini founded Fascist Party in Italy after WWI • Fascism: welfare of state (nation) is placed above that of the individual • Became leader of Italy in 1922 • Called himself Il Duce “the leader” • http://www.rhul.ac.uk/Resources/graphics/news-images/mussolini.jpg
Stalin In the Soviet Union • Josef Stalin rose to power after the death of Lenin in 1924 • Brutal and ruthless • Signed non-aggression pact with Germany
Military Leaders in Japan • Military became more important during the Depression years • Japan wanted to control Asia • Needed natural resources • 1931-Invaded Manchuria, a province of China, for resources • U.S. became alarmed • Cut off trade with Japan • Began to build up military presence in Pacific
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Hitler in Germany • Adolf Hitler
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3. Appeasement • Appeasement: policy of giving someone what they want • Hitler wanted to unite German-speaking people of Europe • 1936: Invaded Rhineland (DMZ bordering France) • 1938: Annexed Austria • 1938: Annexed Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia) • Czech. Was closely tied to England • Munich Conference: Sept. 1938 • Britain and France agreed to allow Hitler to keep new lands IF he promised not to invade any other territories
Invasion of Poland • September 1, 1939: World War II began with the German invasion of Poland • Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3.
Allied Powers Great Britain France Soviet Union United States Axis Powers Germany Italy Japan Major Alliances during WWII
Blitzkrieg • Hitler used a tactic called Blitzkrieg “Lightning Warfare” to easily defeat Poland • Massive coordinated air and land attacks • Poland fell to Germany in October 1939
Maginot Linehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Maginot_Line_ln-en.jpg/800px-Maginot_Line_ln-en.jpg
German Advance into Western Europe • Hitler went north and easily defeated the Netherlands and Denmark • May, 1940- Hitler launched blitzkrieg through Luxembourg and Belgium in route to France. • Great Britain and France move most of their forces north to defend French border w/ Belgium. • Crucial mistake b/c it left French border with Luxembourg under defended. Germans easily pushed into France.
France falls to Germany • The Allies were trapped to north as Germans moved into France. • Unable to retreat and were forced to quickly evacuate by air and water. • Thousands of Allied troops died and they were forced to leave behind valuable supplies • June, 1940: France fell to the Germans. • Hitler set up a puppet government in France to help maintain control of the newly conquered territory
The Battle of Britain • Great Britain refused to give up • Winston Churchill (P.M. of G.B.) said “we shall never surrender” • G.B. was separated from rest of Europe by English Channel and Hitler knew he would have to attack by air • Sent his Luftwaffe (air force) to attack Britain • Known as the Battle of Britain
Battle of Britain • Britain was defended by the Royal Air Force (RAF) • RAF used a new technology to help defeat German pilots • Radar: could detect incoming planes and intercept them • Great Britain was able to hold out. By November, 1940, Hitler changed his tactics and cancelled the invasion of Britain
Hitler turns on the USSR • The Soviet Union and Germany had signed a non-aggression pact before the war began (Nazi-Soviet Pact) • Hitler saw USSR as a great place to conquer new lands • He went back on his agreement with Stalin and invaded the Soviet Union in June, 1941.
Tension with Japan • U.S. and Japanese relations were very tense • Japan was sinking Allied ships- U.S. angered • U.S. cut off trade with Japan and began sending aid to China (most of which was under Japanese control)
Pearl Harbor • Japanese continued negotiations with U.S. • Secretly planning a surprise attack • Wanted to cripple the U.S. fleet in the Pacific • U.S. feared attack was imminent, but did not know where • Believed the U.S. controlled Philippines was the most likely target • Attack came at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Pearl Harbor • December 7, 1941 • Japanese surprise attack at Pearl Harbor • U.S. suffered heavy damage • Over 2,000 men and women killed • 21 ships sank or destroyed • 188 planes destroyed • December 8, 1941: U.S. Congress voted to declare war on Japan • December 11- both Italy and Germany declare war on the U.S.
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USS Arizonahttp://www.sheppardsoftware.com/images/Europe/factfile/USSArizonaPearlHarbor.jpg
The Early Battles • War took on two major fronts • Europe • Pacific • Allies were not ready for an invasion into mainland Europe • Began to attack German-controlled territory in North Africa
WWII in North Africa • German forces in Africa led by Erwin Rommel- nicknamed “Desert Fox” • British and U.S. planned to trap Rommel in N. Africa and force his surrender • British moved in from the east • Eisenhower and George Patton led the U.S. forces from the west • U.S. invasion of Africa known as Operation Torch • By 1943, Germans had lost control of Africa
Operation Torchhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Operation_Torch_-_map.jpg/800px-Operation_Torch_-_map.jpg http://www.solarnavigator.net/history/explorers_history/erwin_rommel_iron_cross.jpg
Battle of the Atlantic • Throughout much of the war, Germans used submarines to control the waters of the Atlantic • Sank hundreds of Allied ships • Destroyed millions of tons of supplies and cargo • Allies began to employ use of radar, sonar, and depth charges to fight subs • Were slowly able to take control of the Atlantic
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Turning Point in Europe • Battle of Stalingrad: turning pt. in Europe • May 1942, Hitler ordered troops to advance into the heart of Soviet Union • Wanted to seize Stalingrad and crush the Soviet economy • Reached city in Sept., but Soviets refused to give up • By Nov. Germans were in trouble • Running short on supplies and unable to deal with harsh winter • Feb., 1943: Germans lose Battle of Stalingrad and are forced to retreat
Germans put on the defense • By 1943, Germans were on the defensive, no longer gaining ground • Allies began extensive bombing in Germany • Dropped 53,000 tons of explosives each month • Allies began invasion of Sicily and Italy
Allied victory in Italy • Allies move from North Africa into Sicily and Italy • Sept. 1943- Mussolini was overthrown and Italy seemed ready to surrender • Hitler sent reinforcements to protect Mussolini and Italy • Rome liberated in June, 1944 • Some fighting continued until April, 1945 • Mussolini attempted to flee the country; was captured and executed (April, 1945)
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Operation Overlord • Allies began to plan a massive invasion of western Europe to liberate France • Code named “Operation Overlord” • Millions of troops and supplies were sent to England to await “D-Day” • Allies planned to cross the English Channel and storm the beaches of Normandy
Operation Overlord • Allies had to wait for the perfect opportunity to launch the invasion • On June 6, 1944, Eisenhower gave order for D-Day invasion to begin • Hundreds of thousands of Allied troops landed on the beaches • U.S. landed on beaches code named “Utah” and “Omaha” • Met heavy resistance by Germans, but were able to break through and advance toward Paris
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Liberation of Paris • D-Day invasion was a success • August 25, 1944- Paris was liberated from Nazi control • Allies begin to push Germans back • Soviet Union advancing from the east • U.S., France and Great Britain advancing from the west
Battle of the Bulge • Germany was losing ground and Hitler decided to make one last offensive move • Dec., 1945- German troops met Allied troops in the Ardennes Forest near the German border • Hit Allies so hard it caused their lines to bulge
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Battle of the Bulge • Germans were aided by poor weather conditions • Allies were nearly defeated, but received critical reinforcements • January, 1945: Allies were able to defeat the Germans at the Battle of the Bulge (Battle of Ardennes Forest)
Victory in Europe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler • Allies continued to advance toward Germany • April 30, 1945: Hitler knew his war was over • Committed suicide and his body was burned • May 7, 1945: V-E Day (Victory in Europe) • Germans officially surrendered • War was over in Europe
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