Notes: Cell Basics and Organelles

1. Notes: Cell Basics and Organelles Life – it’s all about the cell

2. Levels of organization • ATOMS  elements • Organic molecules – Carb, Lip, Prot, NA (biomolecules) • ORGANELLES – cell parts w/specific functions • CELLS – **1st level of life ** • TISSUE • ORGAN • ORGAN SYSTEM • ORGANISM 8 levels

4. Example

5. An adult has approx. 60 trillion cells Cell Trivia • Each of your eyes has 125 million light sensitive cells that are connected to 1 million nerve cells • When you donate blood, you give up 5.4 billion cells • A square cm of your skin is made up of 155,000 cells. • There are 30 billion cells in your brain.

6. pro=before kary=nucleus Prokaryotic cells • Simple cells – very small • 1st cells on Earth – 3.5 BYA • Kingdom Eubacteria & Archaebacteria • Do NOT have nucleus, but do have nucleic acid/material • Most have a cell wall • Do NOT have organelles

7. DNA

8. eu=true Eukaryotic Cells • All other kingdoms (plants, animals, protists, fungi) • Found on Earth 1.5 BYA • Has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

10. Quick check –Why is this cell eukaryotic? • Because it has a cell wall. • Because it contains DNA. • Because it has membrane-bound organelles. • Because it does not have DNA. Nucleus Nucleolus Chromosomes Organelles Plasma membrane

11. Theory of Endosymbiosis • Large cells engulfed smaller bacteria cells • They lived together, then those cells became membrane-bound organelles • Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA

13. 1. Plasma (Cell) Membrane Controls what enters and leaves the cell Made up of a phospholipid bilayer and imbedded proteins

14. 2. Cell Wall Provides protection to the cell, Found around the cell membrane in bacteria, plant, fungal and some protist cells.

15. 3. Cytoplasm Fluid that supports and holds organelles in place

16. 4. Nucleus – control center of cell 5. Nuclear envelope/membrane 6. Nucleolus – produces ribosomes

17. 7. Chloroplast Green organelle found in plants And some protists. Photosynthesis occurs here

18. 8. Mitochondria – converts sugar into usable energy for the cell (ATP)

19. 9. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – produces and transports lipids 10. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – transports proteins

20. 11. Ribosome – site of protein synthesis

21. 12. Golgi Apparatus (Complex or Bodies) – modifies, packages and ships molecules in and out of the cell; uses vesicles

22. 13. Vacuole Stores food, water and waste products. Large and central in plant cells Small and numerous in animal cells

23. 14. Lysosomes – break down waste and foreign invaders

24. 15. Cytoskeleton – Provides shape and structure to cell • microfilaments • microtubules

25. 16. Cilia - 17. Flagella – hair-like projections for movement Tail-like projections for movement Ciliated respiratory cells

26. 18. Centrioles – found in animal cells, aid in cellular division