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Other Regions

Other Regions. South, West, Rocky Mountains, The Northwest, & The Great Plains. South. South police department paradigm Institutionalized racism Active patrol function (slave patrols) as a method of crime prevention

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Other Regions

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  1. Other Regions South, West, Rocky Mountains, The Northwest, & The Great Plains

  2. South • South police department paradigm • Institutionalized racism • Active patrol function (slave patrols) as a method of crime prevention • Commitment to “states rights” and suspicion of centralized authority produced a dedication to local control over police functions • With almost unlimited authority, combined with lack of training and supervision, racial abuse of power by police has been a constant problem

  3. South (Con’t) • Modern principles of police officer discipline and discretion were not in place as Southern policing developed • Experience and necessity in preserving social order and preventing slave insurrection only acceptable guidelines • Violence was met and overcome with stronger violence • Force was met with overwhelming force – the consequences were rarely viewed as inappropriate

  4. South (Con’t) • Rule by mob a cultural phenomenon • Social and power elite accepted and occasionally led mob action • Shaming deviants as an example to others preserved social order • Lynching as a ritual was an effective way of keeping Blacks under control • Law enforcement accepted these factors and did little to dissuade mobs of “citizens”

  5. The Expanding “West” • Five Factors • Nature of Crime • Blending Old and New • Establishing Order – Vigilantism • Reform of Police Forces in the West • Development of the First State Police Force West of the Mississippi River – Texas Rangers

  6. Nature of Crime • Political Rivalry • North/South “political baggage” • Socio-economic Conflict • Racial and Ethnic • Land use • Land Rights – mining and water

  7. Spanish & Hispanic • Paternalistic • Highly stratified society • Struggle for independence from Spain • Immigration of “land-hungry” U.S. settlers • American conquerors • Combined Mexican and American principles • Sheriffs, posse comitatus, constables

  8. Establishing Order - Vigilantism • Since the Native American was not acceptable as a model in the Rocky Mountain Region, The Great Plains, and the Northwest • Citizens took matters into their own hands through committees of vigilance – an extralegal method of administering justice and law enforcement • Economics and social development seem to be the most accepted concepts to explain why honest citizens, sheriffs, judges, etc. tolerated the actions

  9. Police Reform in the West • Law enforcement gained permanent standing in towns and cities as communities became more stable and had financial resources to support regularized “policing” • Sheriffs, local police marshals spent most of their time collecting taxes, maintained streets, served civil papers, inspected livestock brands, housed drunks, etc. • Professionalization occurred along side education, medicine, law, etc. • Gun control an important part of reducing violence

  10. Native American Police Forces • Native American law enforcement based on rehabilitation • 1871 began legislative program to break up the power and cultural identity of centuries-old tribes – Indians would no longer be treated as “nations” but as individuals • Reservations established – “Indian Agents” who attempted to supplant the Army control and hired Indian people to police the reservations

  11. U.S. Marshals • Created by George Washington as first Federal law enforcement service • Only law enforcement presence in the “west” until territorial governments established • Marshals and deputy Marshals served warrants, subpoenas, collected fines, impaneled juries for territorial courts • Had three loyalties motivating their services: collecting extra fees, protecting their communities and serving the federal government

  12. Private Security Agencies • Allen Pinkerton • American Express and Wells Fargo • Railroad Police - Northwest Police Agency – established by Pinkerton for railroad security

  13. State Police - Texas Rangers • Began under the aegis of Mexico (1821) – Indian raids harassed the Spanish, then later Anglo-American settlers • An alcalde was elected by the Anglos • 1823 National militia with six military districts - 1826 the force gained standing • Most active during Reconstruction 1870 E.J.Davis elected governor – has state police force created but was disbanded in 1873 – 1874 legislature brought back the Texas Rangers

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