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Empires in Transition: Japan, China, and Russia (1500-1800)

Explore the tumultuous historical period of Japan's reunification, China's Ming collapse and Qing rise, and Russia's expansion across Northern Asia and societal upheavals. Learn about cultural exchanges, conflicts, and socioeconomic transformations in these three distinct empires.

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Empires in Transition: Japan, China, and Russia (1500-1800)

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  1. North Eurasia, 1500-1800Chapter 20

  2. Japanese Reunification

  3. Civil War and the Invasion of Korea and Manchuria, 1500-1603 • In 12th century, Japan came under the control of the: daimyo. • Warfare • 1592 invasion of Korea by Hideyoshi • Yi dynasty Korea was influenced by China • Language • Chinese allies • 1606 Peace • Manchu took advantage

  4. The Tokugawa Shogunate, 1603-1800 • Tokugawa Shogunate 1600 replaced the Ashikaga • Land to supporters • Figurehead in Kyoto • Decentralization led to… • Transportation to Edo • Rice • Samurai

  5. Japan and the Europeans • Jesuits in 1500s • Limited success • Banned; closed in 1649 • Limited contact • Trade in Nagasaki • “Dutch studies” • Trade with Asia • Korea, Okinawa, Taiwan, China, Southeast Asia • “outer lords” • Wealthy

  6. Elite Decline and Social Crisis • Population • Inner v. Outer • Prices of rice • Farm v. trade • Decentralization • “Forty-seven Ronin” 1702 • Displays civil law (centralized) over military

  7. The Late Ming and Early Qing Empires

  8. The Later Ming Empire, to 1644 • The cultural brilliance of the Ming started to decline in the mid 1600s. • Economy, government, technological stagnation • Climate • Inflation • urban industrial sector (Jingdezhen) • Low population growth

  9. Ming Collapse and the Rise of the Qing • Border threats • Mongol confederation • Korea allies • Pirates • Local rebellions • Rebel forces led by Li Zicheng overthrew the Ming in 1644, and the Manchu Qing Empire then entered Beijing, restored order, and claimed China for its own. • Manchu family ruled the Qing, but the majority of the population were Chinese.

  10. Trading Companies and Missionaries • What was Chinese attitude toward European trade? • Limited access • Dutch East Indian Company • The Jesuits

  11. Emperor Kangxi (1662-1722) • Kangxi • 16years, prodigy • Military commander • Expansion and stability • Incorporate foreign ideas • Mongolian, Tibetan, Korean • European • Mapmaking, astronomy, pharmaceutical • Europeans learned from China:

  12. Chinese Influences on Europe • Luxury goods such as:____, _____, ______, wallpaper. • Social/philosophical influence • Voltaire • benevolent

  13. Tea and Diplomacy • Qing developed “market points” for trading. Why? • City of Canton • However, by late 1700s the British East Indian company and other English traders wanted to undermine the “Canton System”. • In 1793-94 the British sent Lord Macartney for diplomatic relations with China.

  14. Population and Social Stress • The introduction of ______ and _____ crops contributed to the increase in China’s population between ___ to ___ by the late 1700s. • Environmental stress • Deforestation, erosion, silting of rivers and canals, flooding • Migration, crime, local rebellions • Politically overwhelmed

  15. The Russian Empire

  16. The Drive Across Northern Asia • Moscow • Muscovy • Conquered the Khanates under Ivan IV in 1547. • Siberia • Russia met with Qing in 1689 and 1727 • Result:

  17. Russian Society and Politics to 1725 • Diversity led to _____. • Cossacks • Russian boyars overthrew old line of Muscovite rulers and replaced them with the Romanov family. • Serfdom in 1649

  18. Peter the Great (1689-1725) • War with Ottoman and liberation of Constantinople were unsuccessful. Was successful in the Great Northern War against the Swedish. • Result: • St. Petersburg • Westernization; • The Great Embassy • Broke power of boyars • Control over church • Improve military • Increased serfdom • (Eastern Orthodox Church)

  19. Consolidation of the Empire • Russian expansion in Alaska • Catherine the Great • Largest empire • Agriculture, logging, fishing furs

  20. Political Comparisons • Between 1500 and 1800, China and Russia ___ dramatically, both in territory and population. • In comparison to Russia and China, the seaborne trading empires of the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and English had less territory, tighter administrations, and much more global sweep. • Despite being headed by an emperor, Japan’s size, homogeneity, and failure to add _____ disqualify it from being called a true empire. • _____ and _____ made greater progress in improving their military than did the Chinese. • Of Japan, Russia, and China, ______ did the most to build up its imperial navy.

  21. Cultural, Social, and Economic Comparisons • As they expanded, both China and Russia pursued policies that tolerated diversity, while promoting cultural assimilation. • While both Russian and Chinese leaders were willing to use foreign ideas and technologies, they tended to see their own culture as _____. • Both China and Russia had hierarchical and oppressive social systems. • Merchants occupied a precarious position in both China and Japan.

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