Paper

1. Paper

2. Paper – (40%) – 2800 - 3000 words • Your paper will seek to answer a question to be determined through discussion between yourself and the professor. This is an upper division course, you will be expected to use multiple sources, both primary and secondary, within your paper. • Internet sources • No more than two internet sources can be used • All internet sources must be authorized by the Professor – any internet sources not authorized result in a loss of points • NO use of Wikipedia at all  • All quotations must have equivalent amount of explanatory text

3. "In the yeere 1153...it is written, that there came to Lubec, a citie of Germanie, one canoa with certaine Indians, like unto a long barge: which seemed to have come from the coast of Baccaloaos [Newfoundland].“ • Richard Hakluyt (1552-1616) • Oxford lecturer who translated many early accounts of the Americas.

4. Native Americans consume Europe

5. Records from 55 transatlantic journeys show that approximately • 1,600 Indians • Landed in Europe by the time Pilgrims landed on Massachusetts shores 1620. • About two-thirds went as captives • Usually captives taken as slaves.

6. remainder went for other reasons • adventurers • envoys • guides • Sightseers • Performers • First confirmed Native American journey to Europe • 1493, 10 Tainos sailed from Haiti to Spain

7. Taken to Seville • Six walked 800 miles with Columbus to Barcelona to visit the royal court. • During five-week stay they were • Baptized • King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella actied as godparents. • Seven Tainos, joined Columbus on his second voyage to the Caribbean. • Five died en route • Diego, one of the survivors, served Columbus as guide and interpreter during his subsequent explorations in the Caribbean.

8. Europe discovered by visitors • In one of its most dynamic eras • Renaissance. • They were introduced to Europe's elite • Enterprising, arrogant, supremely confident • Although most of Europe's population remained shrouded in poverty • struggling to survive as rural peasants and laborers.

9. On the basis of ship logs, merchant reports, travel accounts, and other historical records, we know that • visiting Indians viewed European life with a mixture of awe, admiration, and disdain-probably • not unlike the way most Europeans viewed them. • Indian nobles from city of Tenochtitlan (pop. 250,000) • Less moved by a French riverport of Rouen (pop. 40,000) • than were Algonquian Indians • who lived in temporary encampments seldom larger than 300 people.

10. 1528, • eight years after Hernan Cortes defeated Montezuma • Aztec emperor's son and several other Mexican caciques from Tenochtitlan and Tlaxcala • sailed with Cortes as political envoys to the court of Spanish emperor Charles V, at Toledo. • including a dozen Aztec jugglers and acrobats. • The Aztec acrobats remained in Europe, • presented to Pope Clement VII

11. 1534 Cartier picked up Taignoagny and Domagaya • sons of Iroquois chief Donnacona of Stadaconad • Traveled to France, learned French • Told Cartier that the St. Lawrence was not the strait to China • But a route to a country named Canada • Which they led Cartier to believe - contained the gold he was seeking. • Next year they re-crossed the Atlantic and guided Cartier up the St. Lawrence. • In 1536, Taignoagny and Domagaya made another voyage with the French navigator • Cartier pressed their father, Donnacona, and several other leading Iroquoians to come along.

12. Iroquoians mastered French • helped create a French-Iroquois lexicon. • they were "long maintained in our kingdom, [and] instructed...in the Christian doctrine, with the intention of taking them back to said country with a good number of our subjects of good will to help influence the peoples of these lands to believe in the holy faith....“ • A Spanish report notes they • "were traveling contentedly in the hope of returning quickly to Canada with a good share of wealth." • All the informants died before they could return home

13. By 1578, 350 vessels were on Great Banks and trading with Indians on the mainland. • Messamoet, chieftain of a Micmac band in Nova Scotia. • clad in a beaver or otter robe and moosehide moccasins and leggings • Went to France around 1580 • for two years lived as the guest of the governor of Bayonne, a Basque seaport north of the Pyrenees. • No doubt the Micmac and the Basque had mutual vested interests in a friendship • Each offered the other a vital link in the lucrative fur trade.

14. After Messamoet's visit he prospered as a fur trader • sailing his own Basque shallop • negotiating deals in pidgin French or Basque. • He encountered various explorers in his homeland • including Samuel de Champlain • records show that Messamoet guided him on explorations of the Maine coast in 1604, '05,-and '06.

15. 1614 English sea captain Thomas Hunt • Sailed with Capt. John Smith to the Maine coast, ventured on to Cape Cod. • Kidnapped 20 Pawtucket Indians • including a tribesman named Squanto. • sailed on to Spain, hoping to sell the captives, plus 40,000 dried cods. • Sold the fish in Malaga, but slave-trade plans foiled by Spanish friars who took • "them and kept them to be instructed in the Christian faith."

16. Somehow Squanto "got away for England," • found lodging in London • learned English • linked up with Thomas Dermer, a sea captain. • 1619 Dermer sailed to the Gulf of Maine, taking Squanto along as interpreter-guide. • Captain wrote that they traveled to • "my savage's native country," where they found "all dead," owing to an epidemic. • Squanto joined survivors among the neighboring Wampanoag people.

17. 1620, Pilgrims settled at the site of Squanto's deserted village. • Next year Squanto came to their settlement Served • Acted as guide and mediator helped secure peace with hostile neighboring bands.

18. When Squanto died a year later, Plymouth Colony had a firm foothold in the area. • Indicative of how tipped the scales were in the Indian-European encounter • While at least 1,600 Indians ventured to Europe prior to 1620 • 400,000 Europeans crossed the Atlantic in the other direction • Most Europeans stayed on as permanent residents • almost all Native American voyagers chose to return home if they could.

23. “A large Carolina basket made by the Indians of splitt canes some parts of them being dyed red by the fruit of the Solanum magnum Virginium . . . rubrum, and black. They will keep any thing in them from being wetted by rain”

27. Low sandy island • 46 Square Miles • Populated by • 2500 Wampanoag and Nauset • 55 people per square mile • Supported by • Hunting • Farming • Fishing

28. Like many Algonquian people the islands inhabitants exploited environment through seasonal migration • Spring planted corn, beans, and squash • Near villages • Then departed for temporary camps by ocean • Most of summer spent at Ocean fishing and gathering shellfish • Returned occasionally to tend crops

29. White settlers arrived in 1660 • Purchased permission to settle and land • Along with rights to • gather hay • graze cattle • cut timber • In next 10 years twenty families turned up • Through intermarriage and control of land families maintained control of the island for next 100 years • Included were Colemans, Starbucks, Macys, and Folgers

30. Originally both groups eager and happy to trade • Native Americans saw the value of settlers goods • Both in practical and spiritual ways • Settlers saw the value of Native American goods • Provided commodities to supplement income

31. Original plan to farm for majority of income • Trade to help increase wealth • Soon realized land was not big enough support them and give profit • Began to look for commodities that could support their growing population

32. Opportunity was right in front of them and just off shore • The island lay in the route of migration for the Right Whale