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Satellite Remote Sensing Tools in Support of Forest Monitoring

Satellite Remote Sensing Tools in Support of Forest Monitoring. Presented by Joe Spruce and Jerry Gasser NASA Stennis Space Center Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review July 6, 2009. Background on activity.

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Satellite Remote Sensing Tools in Support of Forest Monitoring

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  1. Satellite Remote Sensing Tools in Support of Forest Monitoring Presented by Joe Spruce and Jerry Gasser NASA Stennis Space Center Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review July 6, 2009

  2. Background on activity • NASA Stennis is helping the USFS EFETAC to integrate NASA satellite data products into a national forest threat early warning system • Most of work regards MODIS time series data • MODIS NDVI data for vegetation phenology product development • MODIS NDVI products for monitoring historical and current forest disturbance • Some work is being done with other NASA satellite data and software products Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 2 -

  3. Development of MODIS Vegetation Phenology Products Presented by Jerry Gasser Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 3 -

  4. Objectives for developing CONUS vegetation phenology products • Compute and deliver the highest possible quality vegetation phenology geospatial data base for the conterminous United States (CONUS ) • Using 250 meter MODIS data from Aqua and Terra sensors • Evaluate the utility of the phenological database as input to the EWS for monitoring forest threats • Employ products in assessing known forest disturbances • Validate against available reference data Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 4 -

  5. MODIS vegetation phenology product development method • Data Downloading • Primary data set - MODIS MOD 13 NDVI data • 250 meter 16-day composite product • Downloaded 9 years of CONUS coverage (2000 – 2008) • Data Processing • The Time Series Product Tool (TSPT) software is used to generate filtered time series data products • The Phenological Parameters Estimation Tool (PPET) software uses the TSPT output to compute phenological parameters for each pixel • Output Products • Phenological parameter data tiles are mosaicked into CONUS products that are in a standard map projection Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 5 -

  6. MODIS tiles for CONUS coverage CONUS Products are Based on 14 Tiles of MOD13 Data Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 6 -

  7. MODIS vegetation phenology product – overall work flow TSPT Parameter File Inputs • Output Products • Filtered time series • Time series plots • Sequence of 2-D single date images Time Series Product Tool (TSPT) MODIS Data Inputs Create Geographic Gridded Data from MODIS Swath or Tile Phenological Parameter Estimation Tool (PPET) • Output Products • Phenology Parameter Products • Cumulative Integral Products Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 7 -

  8. TSPT processing overview MODIS Data Inputs Remove Cloudy and Low Quality Pixels Fuse AQUA and TERRA Data Calculate NDVI • Output Products • Filtered time series data Temporally Filter Remove Outliers Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 8 -

  9. PPET processing overview TSPT Filtered Time Series data Locate Seasonal Transition Points Identify Seasonal Values and Dates Apply Curve Fit Algorithm • Output Products • Phenology Data • Integral Data Calculate Season and Cumulative Integrals Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 9 -

  10. Vegetation phenology parameter products • NDVI Value and Date of Occurrence for: • Left Season Minimum • Season Start • Onset of Max Greenness • Season Max NDVI • Onset of Greenness Decrease • Season End • Right Season Minimum • Additional Products • Season Integral Products • Cumulative Integral Products • Quality Control (QC) flags Peak Onset of Max Greenness Onset of Greenness Decrease End Season Start Season Season Center Left Min Right Min Growing Season Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 10 -

  11. MODIS CONUS vegetation phenology product deliverables • Version 1.0 • Derived from MOD13 Collection 4 data • CONUS phenological parameter and cumulative integral products for 2000-2006 • Version 1.5 • Derived from MOD13 Collection 5 data • Generated using the average of AQUA and TERRA products • CONUS phenological parameters and cumulative integrals for 2006-2008 • Version 2.0 (scheduled for October 2009) • Will utilize MOD13 Collection 5 data • Generated using Day of Year (DOY) acquisition information • CONUS phenological parameter and cumulative integral products for 2000-2008 Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 11 -

  12. MODIS CONUS phenology product validation - observations • Compared field data to PPET results and alternative MODIS-based phenology products (MOD12Q2) derived at 1 km resolution • Also compared PPET results directly to the MOD12Q2 product for mapped northern hardwood forest in the northeastern U.S. • Efforts to quantify “accuracy” of satellite phenology product results are confounded by differences in product resolution, differences in product development methods, in-availability of field data relevant to MODIS scales of observation, and in-availability of good, detailed forest cover type maps • The PPET phenology products do appear to be useful as indices of forest growing season conditions that can be monitored over time • Each 250 meter pixel equates to 6.25 hectares (~15 acres) on the ground Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 12 -

  13. Use of MODIS Products for Forest Disturbance Monitoring Presented by Joe Spruce Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 13 -

  14. Background - MODIS forest disturbance monitoring efforts • Since 2007, NASA SSC and the USFS have worked to assess MODIS time series data products for monitoring regional forest disturbance from multiple threats • Even though MODIS is spatially coarse, its broad area coverage and daily collection offer advantages for monitoring regional forest conditions • We are conducting case studies to assess, develop, and demonstrate MODIS NDVI products for tracking forest disturbance from specific threats • Such studies have been done in hindcast and more recently nowcast modes Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 14 -

  15. Forest threat assessment case studies in support of EWS development Forest mortality from mountain pine beetle Gypsy moth forest defoliation Hurricane-induced forest damage Ice-storm related forest damage Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 15 -

  16. Gypsy Moth Defoliation Detection Studiesfor 2001 and 2007 Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 16 -

  17. Assessing gypsy moth forest defoliation with MODIS NDVI data • The forest threat EWS requires wall to wall regional detection of forest defoliation, preferably in near real time • An initial feasibility study was done in the Central Appalachian highlands of the eastern US, an area prone to gypsy moth (GM) defoliation • GM defoliation was detected from classifications of 48 day temporal composites of MODIS NDVI products from the defoliation time frame (June 10-July 27) for 2000-2006 MOD02 Maximum NDVI Defoliation Time Frame (DTF) for 2000-2006 (Red) MOD02 Defoliation RGB - Based on Maximum NDVI DTF for All Years vs. 2001 Maximum NDVI DTF 2001 (Green) Maximum NDVI DTF 2001 (Blue) Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 17 -

  18. MOD13 (16-day) 250 m MOD02 (daily) 250 m MOD02 (daily) 500 m Non-defoliated forest and non-forest components are from 2001 NLCD LULC product - 18 - Example MODIS 2001 gypsy moth defoliation detection products Defoliated Forest Non-defoliated Forest Non-forest

  19. Validation of MODIS 2001 gypsy moth defoliation detection products • Defoliation detection products were validated by image interpretation of random sample locations on Landsat and ASTER satellite displays (Omission) (Commission) (Scaled 0-1) (Omission) (Commission) (Scaled 0-1) (Scaled 0-1) Note: PA = % Producer’s Agreement (# correct/total), UA = % User’s Agreement (# correct/total), Kappa = Kappa Statistic, OA = % Overall Agreement (# correct/total), and OK = Overall Kappa. Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 19 -

  20. Example of 2007 gypsy moth forest defoliation from MOD13 data NY NJ PA MD Total Land Extent Shown ~ 44 Million Acres DE WVA VA Gypsy Moth Forest Defoliation Healthy Non-Defoliated Forest Non-Forest Water State Boundaries

  21. Use of MODIS NDVI for Near Real Time (NRT) Monitoring of Insect Defoliation Example – Eastern US Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 21 -

  22. 2009 Near Real Time (NRT) Forest Defoliation Detection – Michigan Detection Product from MODIS NDVI Time Series Data 2009 Component of Product is from June 10 - 23 Forest Tent Caterpillar Defoliation 2007 Tornado-Induced Forest Mortality Attribution of Causal Agent is Preliminary and Based on Either 2009 News Accounts and/or from 2008 USFS FHM Sketch Maps

  23. MODIS 2009 NRT Forest Defoliation Detection – Western Pennsylvania Product Shows Counties With Widespread Forest Defoliation from June 10 – 23 of 2009 Forest Tent Caterpillar Defoliation (Potter County, PA) Early Gypsy Moth Defoliation? Fall Cankerworm Defoliation Attribution of Causal Agent is Preliminary and Based on Either 2009 News Accounts and/or from 2008 USFS FHM Sketch Maps

  24. MODIS-Based Assessment of Forest Damage from Hurricanes Main Example – Hurricane Katrina Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 24 -

  25. MODIS products for assessing forest damage from Hurricane Katrina Multi-Date MODIS Satellite Imagery MODIS Vegetation Damage Classification Laurel Hattiesburg State Boundaries Low Vegetation Damage Hurricane Storm Track Moderate Vegetation Damage High Vegetation Damage - 25 -

  26. View of hurricane impact zones from 20% left maximum NDVI products RGB: 2004 20% Left Maximum NDVI in Red; 2006 20% Left Maximum NDVI in Blue and Green NOTE – WE NEED TO REVISIT THIS WITH 2007 to 2009 Data Hurricane Ivan Hurricane Rita Hurricane Katrina

  27. Use of MODIS Products in Assessing Western US Forest Mortality and Decline Example - Northern Colorado Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 27 -

  28. Objectives – Northern Colorado Case Study • Assess MODIS phenology products for monitoring forest disturbance events in the western US Rocky Mountains • Cumulative Integral NDVI, Peak Growing Season NDVI, and 80% Right Growing Season NDVI • Assess MODIS MOD13 temporal composite products for monitoring mountain pine beetle mortality • Focus initial work in Colorado, using sketch maps, Landsat, and aerial reference data Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 28 -

  29. 2 date NDVI RGB from end of year MODIS NDVI cumulative integral (CI-23) data Some range land also shows drops in CI-23 NDVI Potential forest decline is shown on this in pink to red tones, whereas healthier forests maintained high CI-23 NDVI values Location of next slide Western US view of forest conditions in 2006 vs. baseline cumulative NDVI 2002-2006 Maximum NDVI CI-23 in red color gun – 2006 CI-23 in blue and green - 29 -

  30. 2 date NDVI RGB from end of year MODIS NDVI cumulative integral (CI-23) data 2002-2006 Maximum NDVI CI-23 in red color gun – 2006 CI-23 in blue and green Most forest with reduced CI-23 values were not affected by major wildfires in 2002-2006 Fires of 2000 – show low CI-23 for 2002-2006, suggesting forest loss Fire of 2003 showed high CI-23 value drop compared to baseline, suggesting high intensity burn 2002 2003 2004 2001, 2005, and 2006 – no wildfires (source: USGS) 2000 USGS 2002-2006 fire perimeter maps overlain onto MODIS RGB - 30 -

  31. 2 date NDVI RGB from end of year MODIS NDVI cumulative integral (CI-23) data 2002-2006 Maximum NDVI CI-23 in red color gun – 2006 CI-23 in blue and green Sketch mapped MPB mortality tends to occur within the pink to red tones National Forest Land National Park Land 2006 Sketch Map of MPB Mortality 2006 USFS MPB mortality sketch map overlain onto MODIS RGB Mountain pine beetle forest mortality was rarely noted in the eastern flank, where there was less drop cumulative NDVI in 2006 versus the baseline (maximum cumulative NDVI of 2002-2006) - 31 -

  32. Foreground Image - Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper Data Acquired July 28, 2006 Dead red forest evident in multiple areas on Landsat data NEXT SLIDE True color summer 2006 Landsat data overlain onto MODIS RGB Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 32 -

  33. Subset Area is ~11 miles NW of Kremmling, CO MODIS 250-Meter RGB – from CI-23 Products Landsat Data – Acquired 7-28-2006 Red tones on MODIS RGB (left) often correspond to dead red forest on 2006 Landsat true color image (right). Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 33 - MODIS RGB versus summer 2006 Landsat true color RGB

  34. Participation in this work by NASA Stennis contractors (e.g., Science Systems & Applications, Inc. and Lockheed Martin Corporation) at the John C. Stennis Space Center, Mississippi was enabled under NASA Task Order NNS04AB54T. Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Review – July 6, 2009 - 34 -

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