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Chapter 13: Methods of Therapy. Learning Outcomes. Define psychotherapy and describe the history of treatment of psychological disorders Describe traditional psychoanalysis and short-term psychodynamic therapies. Learning Outcomes.
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Learning Outcomes • Define psychotherapy and describe the history of treatment of psychological disorders • Describe traditional psychoanalysis and short-term psychodynamic therapies
Learning Outcomes • Define humanistic therapy and contrast its two main approaches • Define behavior therapy and identify various behavioral approaches to therapy
Learning Outcomes • Define cognitive therapy and describe Beck’s approach and REBT • Identify various types of group therapy and discuss their advantages and disadvantages
Learning Outcomes • Explain whether psychotherapy works and who benefits from it • Describe methods of biological therapy - their benefits and side effects
Psychotherapy • Systematic interaction between client and therapist • Based on psychological principles • Influences clients’ thoughts, feelings, and behavior • Clients use it for psychological disorders, adjustment problems, and/or personal growth
History of Therapies • Asylums • Mental Hospitals • Community Mental Health Movement
Truth or Fiction? • Residents of London used to visit the local insane asylum for a fun night out on the town.
Truth or Fiction? • Residents of London used to visit the local insane asylum for a fun night out on the town. • TRUE!
Traditional Psychoanalysis • Insight • Catharsis • Free Association • Resistance • Transference • Dream Analysis • Wish Fulfillment
Modern Psychodynamic Approaches • Briefer, less intense, usually directive • Ego analysis • More focus on ego, less on the id
Client-Centered Therapy • Carl Rogers • Provide insight into parts of us we have disowned so we may feel whole • Warm, therapeutic atmosphere • Unconditional positive regard • Empathy • Genuineness
Truth or Fiction? • Some psychotherapists let their clients take the lead in psychotherapy.
Truth or Fiction? • Some psychotherapists let their clients take the lead in psychotherapy. • TRUE!
Gestalt Therapy • Fritz Perls • Integrate conflicting parts of the personality • Directive, focused on the here and now
Behavior Therapy • Apply principles of learning to directly promote desired behavioral changes • Conditioning and observational learning • Discontinue self-defeating behaviors
Truth or Fiction? • Some psychotherapists tell their clients exactly what to do.
Truth or Fiction? • Some psychotherapists tell their clients exactly what to do. • TRUE!
Fear-Reduction Methods • Systematic desensitization • Confront hierarchy of stimuli • Counterconditioning • Virtual Therapy • Modeling • Observational learning
A Program Containing Images of the World Trade Center Intended to Help People with PTSD
Truth or Fiction? • Lying in a reclining chair and fantasizing can be an effective way of confronting fears.
Truth or Fiction? • Lying in a reclining chair and fantasizing can be an effective way of confronting fears. • TRUE!
Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing • EMDR – used to treat stress disorders • Research does not explain why it works • Are the eye movements necessary? • May have to do with relationship with therapist and exposure to trauma while believing it can be managed
Aversive Conditioning • Pair an aversive stimuli with the unwanted impulse • Used to eliminate unwanted habits and antisocial behaviors
Truth or Fiction? • Smoking cigarettes can be an effective method for helping people stop smoking cigarettes.
Truth or Fiction? • Smoking cigarettes can be an effective method for helping people stop smoking cigarettes. • TRUE!
Operant Conditioning • Token economy • Successive approximation • Biofeedback training
Social Skills Training • Decrease social anxiety and build social skills through operant conditioning techniques • Self-monitoring, behavior rehearsal, and feedback
Cognitive Therapy • Changing beliefs, attitudes, and automatic types of thinking that create and compound problems • Awareness of current cognitions
Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy • Client confronts feelings and beliefs that make no sense • Become aware of cognitive errors
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy • Albert Ellis • Challenge irrational beliefs • Need for love and approval of others • Need to prove oneself to be thoroughly competent, adequate, achieving
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy • Integration of behavioral and cognitive therapies
Group Therapies • Advantages • Economical • More experiences for client to draw upon • Social support of the group • Affiliation with people with similar problems • Improvement provides hope for others • Practice social skills in safe environment • Disadvantages • Unable to express feelings to group
Group Therapies • Couple therapy • Improve communication and manage conflict • Cognitive behavioral approach • Family therapy • Systems approach • Self-help and support groups • Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
Truth or Fiction? • There is no scientific evidence that psychotherapy helps people with psychological disorders.
Truth or Fiction? • There is no scientific evidence that psychotherapy helps people with psychological disorders. • FICTION!
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy • Meta-analysis • People who obtain psychotherapy of client-centered therapies fare better than those who do not • Must consider type of therapy; type of problem; and type of patient
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy • Cognitive therapies • Best used for anxiety and depression • Also used with personality disorders
Evidence –Based Practices • Use of random controlled experiments (RCEs) • May favor cognitive-behavioral therapies • May not capture the complexity of clients in community settings