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METHODS OF THERAPY . Chapter 19. Section 1 What is therapy ?. Objective: Define psychotherapy, and list the advantages of each method of psychotherapy. What is therapy?.
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METHODS OF THERAPY Chapter 19
Section 1What is therapy? Objective: Define psychotherapy, and list the advantages of each method of psychotherapy.
What is therapy? • Therapy is a general term for the variety of approaches that mental health professionals use to treat psychological problems and disorders.
What is the purpose of therapy? Helping individuals by: • Giving hope • Gaining insight or perspectives on their problems • Providing individual with a caring and trusting relationship
The 2 categories of therapy • Psychologically based • Psychotherapy • involves interaction between trained professional and a person • Biologically based • Involves the use of drugs or other medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
Selecting the right professional • Cost of treatment? • Field of study? • What degrees? • Licensed? • Plan for treatment?
Individual –v- Group therapy • Advantages of individual therapy • More personal attention • Feel uncomfortable talking in front of a group • Will talk openly alone
Individual –v- Group therapy • Advantages of group therapy • Realizing you are not alone • Benefit from insight gained by others struggle • Can support each other • Gives hope for recovery • Shows therapy can work • More affordable • Therapist can work with several people at the same time
Type of group therapy • Couples • Family therapy • Self-help groups • Encounter groups
SECTION 2The Psychoanalytic approach Objectives: Describe the major techniques of psychoanalysis.
Psychoanalysis = Freud • Unconscious thoughts and feelings • Reduces anxiety and guilt • Allows insight • Dream analysis • Manifest content- actual dream • Latent content- hidden meaning • Free association • Say what ever comes to mind (any topic) • Resistance – unwilling to discuss issues
Transference • Transferring feelings and expectations from one person to another • Allows clients to express and analyze unconscious feelings • Can expose unresolved problems • Example • Bad relationship with mother---start to treat therapist the same way-----bad relationship with boss
Evaluation of Psychoanalysis • Useful therapy for • Anxiety, mild depression and difficulty in handling social relationships • Not useful therapy for • Too seriously disturbed • Major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia • Limited educational background • Limited verbal skills TOO EXPENSIVE (meeting 4-5 X’s a week)
Section 3The Humanistic Approach Objective: Identify the primary goals and methods of humanistic therapy.
Humanistic therapy • Help individual reach their full potential • Achieving self-awareness and self acceptance • Basically good and strive for self-actualization • Need to tap their inner resources
Carl Rogers • Problem • stop being yourself and act as others expect you to act • Role of therapy • Find their true self and realize their unique potential
Person-centered therapyorclient-centered therapy • client seen as an equal • Encouraged to take the lead • Called Nondirective therapy • Therapist acts as a mirror • Reflecting clients thoughts and feelings
Therapy technique • Active listening • Therapist repeats, rephrases, and asks for clarification of statements • Clients is heard and understood • Therapist must remain nonjudgmental , supportive, accepting regardless of what is said • Client accepts themselves • Self esteem rises • Gain confidence to make their own choices • Able to developehealthy relationships
Other applications • Schools/ colleges • Help students deal with anxiety and depression • Use person centered approach to help students decide on a career and support their choices
Evaluation of humanistic therapy • Most helpful with well educated motivated people • Work best with people who are • Mildly depressed • Experiencing anxiety • Problems with social relationships Ineffective • major depression • Bipolar disorder • schizophrenia
Section 4Cognitive therapy andBehavior therapy Objective Describe how cognitive and behavior therapists try to help people.
Cognitive and Behavior therapy • Help clients develop new ways of thinking and behaving • Focus on their thought and actions • Eliminate troubling emotions or behaviors • Solve own problems
Cognitive Therapy • Thoughts that can lead to emotional and behavioral problems • Thinking- illogical or based on faulty assumptions (person A—B swim team) • PURPOSE OF COGNITIVE THERAPY • To help people develop more realistic and logical ways of thinking • Change thinking= solving their own emotional and behavioral problems
2 widely used cognitive therapy methods • Rational- Emotive Behavioral Therapy • Based on People being basically logical in thinking and behaviors • Problems- based on faulty assumptions • Must do everything perfect • Unrealistic high standards • Anxiety and severe depression
Rational-Emotional Behavior Therapy • challenges clients errors in their way of thinking • Means • role play, modeling • homework- • Read relevant literature, listen to tapes, experiments to test their assumptions ( affects length of therapy)
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy • Restructuring illogical thoughts process • Arbitrary inference-drawing conclusions with no evidence • Selective abstraction- drawing conclusions with • Single detail • Misinterpreting • Ignoring other details • Overgeneralization- drawing conclusion from single experience
Gently guides clients in testing logic of their own thought processes and develop logical ways of thinking • Means • Have client observe and record their response to events in daily life. • Review responses to help see them as illogical thought processes that are causing their emotional problems.
Evaluation of Cognitive Therapy • Short term method (15-25 weeks) • Has helped clients with • Anxiety‘ • Depression • Personality disorders along with Meds • Provide coping skills • Reduces risk of recurrence
Behavior Therapy Behavior modification • Develop more adaptive behaviors • Changing behaviors is most important • Over eating • stop smoking • develop skills needed for healthy relationships • confront phobias
2 categories of Behavior therapy • Counter-conditioning-Pairing the stimulus that triggers an unwanted behavior with a new more desirable behavior • Systematic desensitization • Aversive conditioning Benefit Learn more desirable behaviors Boost in self-esteem Less restrictive lives
OPERANT CONDITIONING • BEHAVIORS REINFROCED TEND TO BE REPEATED • Token economy- reward + behavior • Successive Approximations- reinforce every step • EFFECTIVE IN MORE SEVERE CASES. • SCHIZOPHRENIA • CHILDHOOD AUTISM • USED INSTITUTIONAL SETTING: MENTAL HOSPITALS,
Evaluation of Behavior Therapy • More effective overall • Short term therapy of • Phobias, • post-traumatic stress disorder • compulsions, • depression • social problems • self-control issues
Section 5Biological Therapy Objective Describe the three major biological treatments for psychological disorders
Biological therapy • Effects the Brain • Relies on methods such as medication electric shock and surgery • Medical in nature= administered or prescribed by a psychiatrists or other physicians • Paired up with other therapies
Drug Therapy • Mostly used biological treatment • Four major types of medication used • Anti-anxiety drugs • Anti-depression drugs • Lithium • Anti-psychotic drugs
Anti-anxiety drugs • Minor tranquilizers • out patient treatment to help client with anxiety • panic attacks • Distress • Tension • Depresses the nervous system • Long term use=less effectiveness • Major side effects • fatigue • dependence on drugs
Antidepressant drugs • Treats major depression • Increase the amount of one or both neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin • Must build up a certain level to work • Major side effects • Escalated heart rate • Excessive weight gain
Lithium • Treats Bipolar disorder • Flattens out the mania and depression • Don’t understand how it works • Side effects • Shakiness • Memory impairment • Excessive thirst
Antipsychotic drugs • Major tranquilizers • Reducing agitation and delusions • Treats Schizophrenia • Blocks level of dopamine • Side effects • Balance • Coordination • Tremors • twitches
Electroconvulsive therapyECT • Not recommended much • Electric current passes through the brain • Used when drug therapy is not working • Side effect • Memory loss
Psychosurgery-Brain surgery • Prefrontal lobotomy • Cutting nerve pathways in the brain between the prefrontal lobes and the thalamus • Reduce agitation and violence • Side effects • Distractibility • Reduced learning ability • Overeating • Apathy • Social withdrawal • Seizures • Reduces creativity • death