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Caribbean sugar plantation, 1823

Caribbean sugar plantation, 1823. Sugar plantation, Havana 1860. Causes of abolition. slavery became unprofitable, vs. tenancy slave rebellion a source of inefficiency, conflict slaves offered freedom during independence wars post-independence chaos made retention of slaves difficult

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Caribbean sugar plantation, 1823

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  1. Caribbean sugar plantation, 1823

  2. Sugar plantation, Havana 1860

  3. Causes of abolition • slavery became unprofitable, vs. tenancy • slave rebellion a source of inefficiency, conflict • slaves offered freedom during independence wars • post-independence chaos made retention of slaves difficult • liberal ideals incompatible with slavery Great Britain hostile to slavery abolished trade in 1807 for British dominions

  4. Abolition timeline Trade ended 1808 in U.S., 1850 Brazil & Cuba Abolition 1820s Chile, Mexico, Central America (few slaves) 1854 Venezuela (1830 child manumission law) 1865 U.S. South 1870s “free womb” laws in Cuba, Brazil 1886 Cuba, by Spanish imperial government 1888 Brazil Still, slaves remained tenants or peons

  5. 19th c. Cuba • Haitian Revolution of 1790s made Cuba major global sugar producer imported 600,000 slaves from 1800-1850 • from 1840: rail lines, steam engines for mills schemes to annex Cuba to U.S. as slave state • separatist war, 1868-78 led by creoles in E. Cuba offered slaves freedom in return for fighting • 1880 abolition proclaimed by Spanish to retain loyalty of Cuban blacks; ended planter loyalty

  6. 19th c. Brazil • 1822 independent empire w/ little bloodshed • mid-19th c. resentment of monarchic power liberals favored federalist structure both parties intended to maintain slavery compromise reached by dividing office btwn parties • 1850 strongest export econ in Lat Am (coffee, sugar) British loans for infrastructural improvements British pressure ended slave trade • Coffee estates in South drew slaves from Northeast also relied on immigrant labor (Italy, Spain, Japan)

  7. Abolition in Brazil War of Triple Alliance with Paraguay, 1865-70 over Paraguay’s access to Montevideo port freedom granted to slaves who joined Brazil’s army 1871 law of free womb: released slave children 1883 Abolitionism by Joaquim Nabuco immoral, inefficient & dishonorable system 1888 abolition declared freedmen replaced by immigrants 1889 republican revolt against monarchy by military & urban professional positivists

  8. Afro-Brazilian heritage “Whoever takes a look at the history of this country will verify the value and contribution of the Negro to the defense of national territory, to agriculture, to mining, to the exploitation of the interior, to the movement for independence, to family life & to the development of the nation through the many & varied tasks he performed. Upon his well-muscled back rested the social, cultural & material development, since without the income which he provided and which made everything possible there would have been neither educators nor educated; without that wealth the most brilliant aspirations would have withered....” (historian, 1916)

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