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2 nd Year, M.Planning (2008-10) Department of Environmental Planning

2 nd Year, M.Planning (2008-10) Department of Environmental Planning Contributions by: Ashish, Debashish, Garfield, Jyoti , Priyanka, Raina, Rajni, Roshni, Ruth, Sneha, Tamosi, Vivekanand. SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI Seminar on

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2 nd Year, M.Planning (2008-10) Department of Environmental Planning

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  1. 2nd Year, M.Planning (2008-10) Department of Environmental Planning Contributions by: Ashish, Debashish, Garfield, Jyoti , Priyanka, Raina, Rajni, Roshni, Ruth, Sneha, Tamosi, Vivekanand SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI Seminar on Indo-British Perspectives on Planning and Architecture Education August 19-20, 2010 USE OF TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES Integrated Water Resource Management Plan, Bharatpur

  2. INTRODUCTION • Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Plan for Bharatpur, Rajasthan taken up for Studio Exercise as a part of 3rdSem, Master’s in Environmental Planning course curriculum. (Aug – Nov’ 2009) • AIM: Conservation of Biodiversity in the threatened Keoladeo National Park (KNP) in context of Climate Change & arising water scarcity. • Application of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) approach for managing water resource and conservation of Biodiversity.

  3. STRUCTURE of PRESENTATION • PROJECT INTRODUCTION • DATA COLLECTION AND ISSUE IDENTIFICATION • FORMULATION OF STUDY APPROACH • METHODOLOGY • SOFTWARE TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS • FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS • PLANNING APPROACH

  4. PROJECT INTRODUCTION • Spatial extents of KNP 27º7’6”N – 27º 12’2”N and 77º 29’5” E – 77º 33’9”E • Area of 29 sq.km, situated on the western edge of the Gangetic basin on confluence of R. Ruparel and R. Banganga in Bharatpur, Rajasthan. • Created 250 years ago by flooding a natural depression through Ajan Bund. • It is a freshwater marshy wetland. • One of the 25 Ramsar Wetlands in India & an outstanding important bird areas . • Only wetland to be a Protected area (1928), Ramsar site (1981) & World Heritage site (1985) in north India. Bharatpur Distt Location of Keoladeo National Park in Bharatpur District --Source: Envis centre on Wetland, MOEF

  5. DATA COLLECTION & ISSUE IDENTIFICATION • Literature Review • NEWS Review • Primary Surveys • Data Collection from Secondary sources • Stakeholder Consultations • Local Govt. Officials • Non-Govt Organizations • Academicians & Environmental Research Groups • Local Public Representatives • Local Community

  6. IMPORTANCEOFTHEWETLAND ECOLOGICAL: • Annually supports more than 40,000 birds of 390 species. • Over 130 nesting species. • Wintering area for massive congregations of waterfowl and is the only wintering ground for the highly endangered Siberian crane, migrating 6,400 km. • Supports a number of other endangered species. REPTILES SOCIO- ECONOMIC: • Supports Tourism • Supports local economy by employment generation. EMPLOYMENT GENERATION KADAMB TREE WATER FOWL

  7. BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT UNDER THREAT “The Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan, better known as the Bharatpur bird sanctuary, is in the danger of losing its Unesco World Heritage Site status if the state government fails to build a drain to bring water into the reserve. The bird sanctuary, which receives more than 300 species of birds, including the Siberian crane, has been facing a severe water crisis.” The Times of India “The world-renowned park is in dire need of immediate intervention to restore its past glory by ensuring supply of 550-mcft water annually. Several species of birds have deserted the park following failure of projects to bring in water.” December 5, 2009, The Hindu “Normally thronged by different varieties of winged guests during this time of the year, Keoladeo National Park in Bharatpur district this time wears a deserted look due to delayed and scanty rainfall.” The Tribune “India's famous Keoladeo National Park at Bharatpur in Rajasthan is facing de-recognition from the list of Unesco's world heritage site after a two-member team of the world organisation pointed out the persistent water crisis in the sanctuary”. March 13, 2008, The Hindustan Times

  8. BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT UNDER THREAT • 80% decrease in Park Area: 154 sq.km (1850) - 29 sq.km (2009): Change in Land Cover from Forest to Agriculture. • Decline in Water supply from 14,000 million litres (1964) - 5000 million litres (2005) : Conflict of Interest groups. Decrease in Area of KNP 2009 1985

  9. IMPLICATIONS • Declining bird population and changing habitats: grassland birds over dry marshlands • Increase in dead trees. • Occurrence of dry land vegetation like cactus. • Invasion of prosopis juliflora: threat to native species. • Mining of groundwater for supply to wetland resulted in lowering of water table and affected soil quality. • Steep Decline in population of Siberian Crane & Sarus Crane. Issues Decrease in Population of Siberian Crane Incidence of Dead Trees

  10. FORMULATION OF STUDY APPROACH • International Case Studies • Murray Basin Strategic Wetland Management Plan, Australia • Peri-Urban Wetland Management, East Calsutta, India • Watershed Management in Alwar District, Rajasthan, India • National & State Policy Framework

  11. IWRM APPROACH IWRMP is based on the fact that all different uses of water are interdependent • “IWRM is a process that promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.” • Source: The Global Water Partnership GWP- 2002 • An IWRM plan is set within geographical and political context, and takes into account all activities and developments requiring water or influencing the water resource. • Source: Global Water Partnership

  12. IWRM AT POLICY LEVEL The Plan of Implementation adopted at The World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg In 2002 called for countries To “Develop Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Efficiency Plans by 2005”. Paradigm Shift in National & State level Policy for Water Management: from water supply to integrated management of water resources. National Action Plan on Climate Change Conservation of wetland through catchment area planning with importance to Land Use & Land Cover. The National Environmental Policy, 2005 It underlines the need of water resource conservation and appropriate management through an integrated approach. The Rajasthan State Water Policy (1999), Draft State Water Policy (2005) National Water Policy (2002) The adoption and implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management, involving the community. Wetland Policy under E(P) Act, 1986 Integrate wetland conservation, including conservation of village ponds and tanks, into sectoral development plans for poverty alleviation and livelihood improvement

  13. METHODOLOGY Stakeholder Consultations Stakeholder Consultations

  14. SOFTWARE TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION • ADOBE Photoshop • Arc GIS • Auto CAD • MS Office

  15. FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS • Regional Level Analysis • Urban Area Level Analysis • Institutional Analysis

  16. REGIONAL LEVEL ANALYSIS • K.N.P. Watershed Area Delineation • Surface Water Hydrology Status • Ground Water Extraction Potential • Water Availability and Requirement Projections

  17. KNP WATER SHED AREA DELINEATION Water sheds of Ruparel, Banganga & R. Gambhir LAND USE & LAND COVER • CLIMATE • Annual Avg Rainfall (1960 -2007): 525-575 mm • Annual Avg. Rainfall Variation is 29.33% • Reduction of Rainy days : 1 33.5(1970) to 16.6(2005) WATER SHED OF KNP • WATER RESOURCE REGION • Yamuna subbasin -2 • -Ruparel • - Banganga • - Gambhir • Districts (Partly) • - Bharatpur - Alwar • - Jaipur - Dausa • - Kaurali

  18. SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY STATUS • Drying of Rivers due to harvesting structures upstream accross Bangana in Jaipur and Ruparail in Alwar) • Inland river system - a reason behind the reduced surface water flow. • Borrowing water from R.Gambhir watershed for irrigation and KNP. • Over-exploitation of ground water for irrigation and other uses.

  19. GROUND WATER EXTRACTION POTENTIAL • PARAMETERS : • Quantitative Analysis: Depth to Water Table, Yeild, Development stage of Ground Water • Qualitative Analysis : Fluoride content, Salinity, Nitrate content

  20. WATER AVAILABILITY & REQUIREMENT PROJECTIONS Hydrological cycle in Bharatpur • This gap is created because of overexploitation of ground water. • Flood irrigation practice in arid area with sandy alluvial soil • Water Scarcity leading to shift in Agriculture from wheat to mustard and barley. Annual Present Water Requirement By Use (Million Lts./Yr) Annual Present Water Requirement & Availability (Million Litres/Yr) • Present demand- 1231 lpcd • Availability- 1045 lpcd which is less than FAO standard of 1370 lpcd • Gap- 158.25 lpcd or 92998 mlts per yr

  21. URBAN AREA LEVEL ANALYSIS • Land Use • Infrastructure • Environmental Status

  22. LAND USE • Population Municipal Area: 2.05 lacs(2001 Census). • Bharatpur urban area spreads over 29 sq kms, with Fort as the core & walled city around it. Newer developments spread from Walled City along the NH-6. • Increase in Slum areas and decreasing percentage of Open spaces. • Degrading status of water bodies & open areas due to Urbanization pressure: Encroachment & Reclamation of water bodies, stress on Urban Infrastructure. Land Use, 2001

  23. INFRASTRUCTURE TRADITIONAL WATER SYSTEM: • Traditional Water Management system based on natural drainage: rain-water harvesting & prevention of flooding. • Two moats around Lohagarh fort: SujanGanga (Inner Moat) & Outer Moat. • Canals, Bunds & Drains • Sources of Domestic Water Supply: MotiJheel(R. Ruparel & R.Banganga), Wells in Outer & Inner Moats, Wells & Diggiselsewhere. Sujan Ganga Moti Jheel Drains flow into CFCD Outer Moat Water System in Bharatpur

  24. Infrastructure PRESENT WATER SYSTEM: • Sources of Water Supply: BandhBaretha(Surface water) 40% Mandoli (Ground water) 60% • Total demand - 27.6 MLD; Supply - 19.4 MLD. GAP of 8.2 MLD. 40% Distribution losses. • Large scale Ground water extraction taking place. • Degradation of traditional water system & water harvesting structures. Bandh Baretha Over-exploitation of GW Coverage of Municipal Water Supply

  25. ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS • PARAMETERS: • Physiography • Density • Land Use • Infrastructure • Status of Open spaces & Water bodies 40% of Municipal Area with 65% population under high environmental stress. Environmental Status

  26. CONCLUSION

  27. INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS • ISSUES • Lack of co-ordination amongst various organisations at distt. & state level urban & rural areas leading to lack of infrastructure or ad-hoc provisions • Missing Links in the current Institutional set-up at Distt level: Lack of Funds, National Water Fund cannot be availed. • Field level agencies not identified making it impossible to derive funds for IWRM of implement them. • Non-implementation of 73th & 74th CAA; required for required Institutional set-up under National Water Policy. • No Powers to community causing lack of participation in plan.

  28. PROPOSALS • REGIONAL • Water Budgeting for: • Domestic water demand • Irrigation water demand • URBAN • Land Management • Provision of Sustainable Infrastructure • WETLAND • Water Management • Vegetation Management PLANNING APPROACH

  29. WATER BUDGET • Total Projected Population (2029) is 2262377 • Total domestic water demand by 2029 would increase 1.78 times over the present • That of rural area would increase 1.6 times & that of urban will be 2.2 times • Increase in total water demand by 2029 will be by 85% of present or 1.8 times. Present & Projected (2029) Water Requirement For All Uses (Million Litres/Yr) Present & Projected (2029)domestic Water Requirement (Million Litres/Yr)

  30. PROJECTED WATER DEMAND IN URBAN AREA DERIVED STANDARDS FOR WATER DEMAND • For existing standards, guidelines of UDPFI & PHED, Rajasthan have been considered. • For minimum required quantities, Design Manual for Water Supply & Treatment, India 1991 and Construction Manual for Large & Medium Projects, MoEF 2007 have been referred. • Wastage and Distribution losses upto a maximum of 15% have been accounted. • Waste Water generation is assumed to be 80% of the consumed water as a thumb rule.

  31. STRATEGIES FOR REGIONAL LEVEL WATER MANAGEMENT

  32. STRATEGIES FOR REGIONAL LEVEL WATER MANAGEMENT

  33. STRATEGY FOR WATER MANAGEMENT IN CITY THRUST ON: 1.Reduce, re-use and recycle 2.Decentralisation 3.Rejuvenation of traditional Systems Rejuvenation Waste Management Prioritization of Focus Areas • LAND MANAGEMENT PROPOSALS • Zones of Poor environmental status: • Decongestion, Upgradation of existing infrastructure • Zones of Fair environmental status • Medium development zone: • Residential, Non polluting/light engineering/skill based industries • Potential Zone • No built & Low development zone: • Institutions, Ecological sites, Eco-hotels

  34. INFRASTRUCTURE PROPOSAL • WATER SUPPLY • Management of Piped supply network & new sources. • Revival of potable water sources in/around Moats. • SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT • Sanitary Landfill site (10 ha) • Considerations: • Natural Slope, Wind Direction, Ground Water Table, Distance from Surface Water bodies, Residential areas, Transport Routes • DRAINAGE • Supply to KNP in Wet spell & Discharge to CFCD in Dry spell. • Decentralised system for Rain Water Harvesting at Plot level & Community level. • Considerations: • Natural Slope, Existing Drainage Channels • WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT • Decentralized System: 3 stages • Combination of Free Floating (Outer Moat), Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland System & Maturation Pond : 80% efficiency • Use of Vegetation & Fishes • Supply of treated waste water(Category D) to KNP. Constructed Wetland Recharge shaft

  35. PROPOSED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR KNP • From AjanBundh (400-500mcft) in times of good monsoon. • Low water consuming crops & checkdams in the surrounding region will help raise the ground water table & sustain the base flow • Treated Wastewater from urban area would be additional source • 5329 mlts of treated wastewater can be provided to park even during drought periods • Maintenance of wildlife habitat even during times of acute water shortage. Estimation of Water Supply to KNP

  36. VEGETATION MANAGEMENT • Management of invasive species: Removal of unwanted species through manual, mechanical & biological methods and re-introducing buffalo-grazing • Less water consuming plant species should be grown. Some of these are: • Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schult-(thin Napier grass)- drought resistant and suitable for semi-arid areas in India • Leucaena leucocephala- High photosynthesis and low transpiration • Controlling growth of eucalyptus around KNP as it is high water-consuming tree and replace them with other hardy species like neem.  • Grow plant species that prevent evapo-transpiration like: Nymphaea Lotus Water Lily

  37. EXISTING ZONES: At present the entire national park has been divided into three zones: • core/ bird watching zone, • administrative cum tourist facility zone and • eco-restoration zone. PROPOSED ZONES: • It is essential to create distinct zones within the park area depending on ecological, logistic and recreational usage. • Depending on the season and propriety, certain areas in the park are designated as follows: • Core zone • Buffer zone • Controlled use area • Intensive use area • Multiple use area PROPOSED USE ZONING IN KNP Proposed Spatial Zoning

  38. PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK FOR IWRM • PROPOSAL ( I) • Integration of PHED, RUIDP & WRD at directorate of watershed & soil • Solutions to agreement between ALWAR, JAIPUR & BHARATPUR • Identification of distt. & local level nodal agencies for Plan formulation & implementation.

  39. PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK FOR IWRM • PROPOSAL ( II ) • Implementation of 73th &74th CAA can help to bridge missing link institutional set up &inter departmental co-ordination • Establishment of State Finance Commission of DPC under CAA for integration & funding of DPRs.

  40. THANK YOU

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