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Ecology Notes

Ecology Notes. 2012. Ecology:. The study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Levels of Organization. Biosphere. All parts of the planet that contain life. Biome. Group of ecosystems with the same climate and communities. Ecosystem.

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Ecology Notes

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  1. Ecology Notes 2012

  2. Ecology: The study of interactions between organisms and their environment

  3. Levels of Organization

  4. Biosphere All parts of the planet that contain life

  5. Biome Group of ecosystems with the same climate and communities

  6. Ecosystem Living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) aspects that interact in a given area

  7. Community Different population that live and interact in a given area.

  8. Population Group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area and compete with each other for resources

  9. Organism One individual of a species

  10. Factors in the Environment Biotic Factors: Any living part of the environment Examples: bacteria, animals, plants, insects Abiotic Factors: Any non- living part of the environment Examples: hours of sunlight, type of soil, rainfall

  11. Niche • an organisms job in the environment

  12. Niche

  13. Niche

  14. Habitat • Where an organism lives African Elephant Great Black-backed gulls

  15. Biomes of the world

  16. Tundra 1/3 • Arctic Tundra cold year round, -34o to 12oC Permafrost – ground never thaws out dry, 12 to 20 cm per year • Alpine Tundra • long, cold winters with short, cool summers • a little rain, lots of snow • Mountainous – high altitude with no trees

  17. Tundra 2/3 • Location: northern N. America, Asia and Europe, polar ice caps • Climate -40˚C to 18˚C 15-25cm or less annual rain • Unique Characteristics • Coldest biome • Means treeless • Low biotic diversity

  18. Tundra 3/3 • Animals • snowy owl, caribou, arctic fox, lemmings and small rodents • Arctic: (N) polar bears, seals, insects, and mites (S) penguins • Plants • ground-hugging like mosses, lichens, sedges, and short grasses • Arctic: (N) mosses and lichens

  19. Desert 1/3 • Hot/Dry: Am. West, Central and South Am., Africa, Australia, Mexico, Middle East • Semi Arid: West Coast of California, Russian steppes, Southern Europe, North Asia • Coastal: Chile Cold: Greenland

  20. Desert 2/3 • Makes up 1/5 of Earth’s surface • Plants and Animals are well adapted to the dry environment • Climate: Hot days (49oC) followed by cold nights (20oC) • Ann Precipitation: dry, less than 25 cm per year

  21. Desert3/3 • Unique Characteristics • Variable temperatures • Soils rich in minerals but poor in organic material • Animals • Mountain lions, gray foxes, bobcats, antelopes, kangaroo, bats, owls, hawks, and roadrunners, ants, beetles, rattlesnakes and lizards • Plants • Cacti, creosote bush, other plants with short growing cycles

  22. Grassland • Covers ½ of Africa (5 million mi2) • Examples • Tropical Savanna (E. Africa, S. Brazil, N. Australia) • Temperate (C. Asia, N. America, Australia, C. Europe)

  23. Tropical/Savanna Climate: (20o to 25oC) -warm year round -seasonal rainfall -rich soil Ann. Precipitation: 50 to 125 cm/year Animals: lions, tigers, leopards, cheetahs, elephants, giraffes, zebras, termites, pelicans, monitor lizards Plants:tall grass (savanna), tall deciduous trees, orchids, bromeliads (tropical)

  24. Temperate • Climate: winter (-4oC), spring, summer (38oC), fall -fertile soils • Ann. Precipitation: 50 to 90 cm/year rain and snow • Animals coyotes, badgers, wolves, grizzly bears, rabbits, bison, owls, snakes, grasshoppers • Plants lush, perennial grasses and herbs

  25. Tropical Rainforest 1/2 • Greatest species diversity • Found in areas near the equator, hot and wet yr round • Thin, nutrient-poor soils • Climate: warm year round (20o to 25oC) • Ann Precipitation: • 200 + cm/year

  26. Tropical Rainforest 2/2 • Animals sloths, jaguars, anteaters, monkeys, parrots, butterflies, piranhas, boa constrictors, anacondas • Plants ferns, large woody vines, orchids, bromeliads, climbing plants, broad-leaved evergreen trees

  27. Temperate Forest (Deciduous) • 4 seasons, fertile soil • Climate: changes dramatically with the seasons (-30o to 30oC) • Ann. Precipitation: 75 to 150cm/year rain and snow • Animals: deer, black bear, squirrels, raccoons, skunks, turkeys • Plants: deciduous trees, some conifers, flowering shrubs, herbs, ground layer of mosses and ferns • Location: E. U.S., SE Canada, most of Europe, parts of Japan, China, and Australia

  28. Taiga(Boreal) • Low temperatures • High humidity • N. Am., Asia, N. Europe • Acidic, nutrient-poor soil • Climate: short cool summers, long cold winters • Ann. Precipitation: 40 to 100 cm/year, mostly snow • Key Trait: Evergreen Trees

  29. Aquatic • Freshwater – “sweet” water, able to drink • Marine – salt water, unable to drink, covers 3/4 of Earth’s surface

  30. Freshwater • Standing Water • Lakes and Ponds • Flowing Water • Rivers and Streams

  31. Marine (ocean) Photic Zone = Light penetrates Aphotic Zone = no light Open Ocean Ocean trench Chemosynthetic autotrophs are only producers that survive Intertidal Zone -exposed to tides and air -snails, sea stars, sea urchins, seaweed, Coastal Ocean -plankton, kelp forests, sea otters, seals, whales, variety of fish

  32. Coral Reef Warm, shallow, water with diverse environments

  33. Estuaries Places where fresh water and salt water meet and mix

  34. Ecological Succession

  35. Succession • Changes that occur in a community over time

  36. Primary Succession New, bare land with no soil

  37. The first species to exist in the environment are the Pioneer species

  38. The ecosystem will continue to develop until a climax community has been reached A climax community is a mature, stable community

  39. Secondary Succession Occurs when there is a disturbance in the community (Examples follow)

  40. Natural Disasters

  41. Animals

  42. Abandonment

  43. Biotic Factors Flow of Energy 0.1% 1.0% 10% 100%

  44. Producers=Autotrophs

  45. Consumers = Heterotrophs

  46. Herbivores

  47. Carnivore

  48. Omnivore

  49. Humans are Omnivores

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