Simple Invertebrates

1. Simple Invertebrates Chapter 15.1

2. Invertebrate Characteristics • Invertebrates come in many shapes and sizes • Grasshoppers, clams, earthworms, and jellyfish are examples of invertebrates • They are all very different from each other. • Invertebrates have 3 different body plans or types of symmetry • Bilateral Symmetry • Radial Symmetry • Asymmetry

4. White Board Activity • Using a White board and your marker draw a picture to represent • Bilateral symmetry • Radial symmetry • Asymmetry • Share with your table groups when you are done

5. Neurons and Ganglia • All animals except sponges have special tissues that make fibers called neurons. • Neurons carry messages around the body to control an animal’s actions. • Simple invertebrates have neurons arranged in networks or nerve cords. • Nerve cords are packs of neurons that carry messages along a single path.

6. In some invertebrates many nerve cells come together as ganglia (singular, ganglion). • A ganglion is a concentrated mass of nerve cells. • Each ganglion controls different parts of the body. • Ganglion are connected by a nerve cord • In complex invertebrates, ganglia are controlled by a brain.

7. Guts • Almost all animals digest food in a gut. • A gut is a pouch within cells that releases chemicals that break down food into small particles. • The cells in the gut then absorb the food particles . • In complex animals, the gut is inside the coelum, a coelumis the body cavity that surrounds the gut. The coelumcontains many organs like the heart and lungs. This makes sure that the movement of the gut doesn’t disturb other organs

9. Sponges • Sponges are the simplest invertebrates • They are asymmetrical and have no tissues, gut or neurons. • Adult sponges move only millimeters per day if they move at all. • The only reason sponges are classified as animals is because they are unable to make their own food.

10. How do sponges eat? • Sponges feed on tiny plants and animals. • Because they cannot move they seep water into their bodies through their pores. This water brings oxygen and food into their body. • Pores are holes on the outside of the sponges body. • Special cells called collar cells line the cavity. They filter and digest the food. • Water leaves the body through the hole at the top called the osculum.

12. Sponge body part abilities • Sponges have some special abilities • If you forced a sponges body through a strainer, the separated cells could come back together again and form a new sponge. • If part of a sponge is broken off, the missing part can regenerate, or grow back. • Sponges reproduce through regeneration and also sexual reproduction • Kinds of sponges • All sponges live in water, most live in the ocean • Sponges come in many different shapes and sizes. Most sponges have spicules, which are fibers that make up the sponges skeleton.

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15. Cnidarians • Cnidarians are a group of invertebrates that have stinging cells. • Jellyfish are members of this group • They are more complex than sponges. They have complex tissues and a gut for digesting food. They also have a simple nervous system • If a piece of cnidarian is broken off it can form a new cnidarian

16. There are 2 different body forms • The Medusa: this type will swim through the water • The Polyp: they usually attach to a surface. • All cnidarians have radial symmetry

17. Stinging Cells • All cnidarians have tentacles covered with stinging cells • When another organism presses against the stinging cells the cnidarian uses water pressure to fire tiny barbed spears from each cell. • Kinds of cnidarians • There are 3 major classes of cnidarians • Hydrozoans: spend most of their lives as polyps and live in both fresh and sea water • Jellyfish: catch their food in their tentacles and spend most of their lives as medusas • Sea anemone’s and corals: spend their lives as polyps and are often brightly colored

19. Flat worms • There are many different kinds of worms, not all are round like an earthworm. • Flatworms are divided into three major classes • Planarians and marine flat worms • Flukes • Tapeworms • All flatworms have bilateral symmetry, most also have defined heads and 2 large eyespots

20. Some flatworms also have bumps on the side of their heads called sensory bumps • Planarians • Live in freshwater or on land in damp places • They eat other animals or parts of other animals and digest their food in their gut • Planarians use their sensory lobes to help find food and they even have a brain

21. Flukes • Are parasites • Most live and reproduce in the bodies of another animal. • Their fertilized eggs pass out of the body with the waste and are then ingested by other animals. • They have tiny heads without eye spots or lobes and use suckers and hooks to attach to the other animals.

22. Tapeworms • Are similar to flukes • They have a small head, no eyespots or sensory lobes • They do not have a gut. • They attach to another organisms gut and absorb the nutrients from that organism

23. Roundworms • Have bodies that are long, slim and round like spaghetti • The have bilateral symmetry • They also have a simple nervous system with a ring of ganglia making up their simple brain. Parallel nerve cords connect the 2 ends of their body • Most round worms are tiny, breaking down the dead tissue of plants and animals making the soil rich. • Some round worms are parasites like Trichinellaspiralis.