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How to Know Minerals

How to Know Minerals. read pages 46-57. Chapter 4 Earth Science Book. restate & answer Topic Questions 1-9. practice the 30 lab mineral samples. Topic 1:. Page 47 Earth Textbook. Rock-Forming Minerals. * over 2000 minerals known. * most are silicates (Si + O + metals).

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How to Know Minerals

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  1. How to Know Minerals read pages 46-57 Chapter 4 Earth Science Book restate & answer Topic Questions 1-9 practice the 30 lab mineral samples

  2. Topic 1: Page 47 Earth Textbook Rock-Forming Minerals * over 2000 minerals known * most are silicates (Si + O + metals) common minerals that make up the Earth’s crust * not always large crystals *mineralogy is the study of minerals and their properties

  3. Topic 2: Page 47-48 Earth Textbook Identification by Inspection *Color simple observations made by looking *Luster *Crystal System (shape)

  4. Topic 2: Page 47 Earth Textbook Color * first, most easily observed * least useful when identifying minerals 1. impurities change mineral’s colors 2. mineral’s colors are similar 3. colors change/react in air

  5. Topic 2: Page 47 Earth Textbook Luster * Metallic Luster * Nonmetallic Luster the way a mineral shines

  6. Topic 2: Page 47 Earth Textbook Metallic Luster *shines like polished metal *(galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite)

  7. Topic 2: Page 47-48 Earth Textbook Nonmetallic Luster *vitreous – shining glass (quartz) *pearly – like a pearl (mica) *resinous – like wax (sphalerite) *greasy, oily – (talc & graphite) *dull, earthy – (kaolinite, limonite) *brilliant, adamentine – (diamond)

  8. Topic 2: Page 47-48 Earth Textbook Crystal System (shape) *cubic – all 90º, all lengths equal *orthorhombic – all 90º, no lengths equal *tetragonal – all 90º, some lengths equal *triclinic – none @ 90º *monoclinic – some @ 90º *hexagonal – 3 axes @ 60º

  9. Topic 3: Page 48-50 Earth Textbook Identification by Simple Tests *Streak *Fracture or Cleavage *Hardness

  10. Topic 3: Page 48 Earth Textbook Streak * rub mineral on unglazed white tile metallic - streak dark as mineral the color of a mineral’s powder nonmetallic - streak colorless to light

  11. Topic 3: Page 49 Earth Textbook Cleavage 1 direction – micas, gypsum, talc 2 directions – feldspars, hornblende minerals split along flat surfaces 3 directions – galena, halite, calcite

  12. Topic 3: Page 49 Earth Textbook Fracture • concoidal fractures – shell-like fracture • fiberous or splintery – jagged and sharp minerals break along non-cleavage surfaces • uneven or irregular – rough surface

  13. Topic 3: Page 49-50 Earth Textbook Hardness *Mohs’ Hardness Scale – page 50 in text • minerals ranked on a scale of 1 to 10 minerals resistance to being scratched • need fingernail, copper, steel, glass, topaz • 1 softest (talc), 7 hardest common (quartz) and 10 is the hardest of all (diamond)

  14. Topic 4: Page 50 Earth Textbook Specific Gravity • specific gravity = mass of sample in air mass lost in water the ratio of the mass of a mineral to the mass of an equal volume of water • nonmetals - less than 4 • metals - above 5

  15. Topic 5: Page 51 Earth Textbook Acid Test *calcium carbonate fizzes in acid (HCl) *calcite is calcium carbonate, CaCo3 weak acid will release bubbles of CO2 *dolomite - CaMg(CO3) must be powdered *malachite & azurite are copper carbonates *limestone & marble calcite

  16. Topic 6: Page 51 Earth Textbook Special Properties • taste – halite is salty • magnetic - magnetite • double diffraction – calcite/Iceland par splits images into 2 • flourescence – glows under ultraviolet light, fluorite, sphalerite, willemite • phosphorescence – glows even after ultraviolet off

  17. Topic 7: Page 53-54 Earth Textbook Silicates • a) quartz • b) feldspars: orthoclase, plageoclase made with silica tetrahedrons (light colored) • c) micas: muscovite, biotite(black) • d) talc

  18. Topic 7: Page 54-55 Earth Textbook Ferromagnesian Silicates • e) amphiboles: horneblende • f) pyroxenes: augite silicates with iron and magnesium (darker) • g) olivine • h) garnets • i) kaolinite

  19. Topic 8: Page 55-56 Earth Textbook Carbonates *Calcium Carbonates • calcite(Iceland spar), dolomite made with carbonate group –CO3 *Copper Carbonates • malachite, azurite

  20. Topic 9: Page 56-57 Earth Textbook Oxides *Iron Oxides • hematite (reddish-brown streak) • limonite (yellow-brown streak) a metal combines with oxygen • magnetite *Aluminum Oxides • corundum • bauxite

  21. Topic 9: Page 56-57 Earth Textbook Sulfides • galena • pyrite a metal combines with sulfur • chalcopyrite • sphalerite

  22. How to Know Minerals read pages 46-57 Chapter 4 Earth Science Book restate & answer Topic Questions 1-9 practice the 30 lab mineral samples

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