Group 1: Topic How do we know where to find minerals? (page 445)

1. Group 1: Topic How do we know where to find minerals? (page 445) First step: Collect date by _____________ carrying sophisticated instruments that measure _____________, _______________, and _________________. Take images and ____________________ , and correlate them to _______________ images. Second step: Take ______________ samples from the area, and analyze to determine whether there is enough mineral to be worthwhile. Third step: Drill ________ to determine the 3-D extent of the deposit. If there is evidence that sufficient ore is present, then open a mine.

2. Group 2: Topic: 3 Types of Subsurface Mining: ______________, ______________, and __________________ (page 446) Subsurface mines are used anytime ore deposits are_______ meters (about 150 ft) or more under Earth's surface. Describe room-and-pillar mining? ________________________________________ What minerals are typically mined using room-and-pillar mining? _______ and _______ The most efficient method to remove coal from a subsurface mine is called _____________ ______________. The ore is "cut" from the coal seam by a machine called a shearer. Ore falls onto a _________________ that removes it from the mine. The roof of the mine is supported by ___________ roof supports. As the machine advances, the roof collapses behind the ______________ supports. _____________ Mining is used to mine ores such as ___________, ___________, and _______________. In this technique, minerals that dissolve in hot water can be removed and lifted to the surface.

3. Group 3: Topic: Surface Mining can be used to remove ores that are near the Earth's surface. (Page 447) Two types of surface mines: _______-_____ mines and ___________ In open-pit mines, layer by layer of the ore is removed. Sometimes layers must be broken apart by ________________. To reach ore deposits that are near Earth's surface, the ___________ must first be removed, set aside, and protected. The undesirable rock, under the soil, is called the _________________. This, too must be removed and set aside. When all the desired mineral ores are removed, the pit must be filled with the overburden and then covered with soil, and planted with grass and trees. Minerals such as _________, ___________, and ____________ can be mined in this manner.

4. _______________________ are often sources of building stones such as ____________ and _______________. Sand, gravel, and crushed rock, known as ________________ are the main products of quarrying, along with _______, ____________, and ________.

5. Group 4: What is solar evaporation and what is the mineral most commonly extracted using this method? __________________________________________________________ Sea water is around ____ % salt; and when placed in ponds, energy from the _______ evaporates the water until the salt content increases to about _______%. At this point salt crystals begin to form. Layers of salt can be harvested about __________ a year!

6. Group 5: Case Study - Hydraulic Mining in the California Goldfields (Page 448-9) Billions of years ago, gold was moved across northern California by wide rivers. Over time, deposits were covered by as much as 60m (about 200 ft.) of soil. To remove the gold, miners used huge ____________ ____________to blast away mountainsides. The watery mix of rock was directed into inclined troughs called _____________, which contained dividers that slowed the mixture and allowed the gold to settle. Mercury was added to help capture the gold, and the sediment was dumped into rivers.

7. How did this technique create an environmental disaster? 1)___________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2) ____________________________________________________________, poisoning ________, amphibians and invertebrates. 3) The Sacramento River was filled with _______,and flooded many farms when rains came. What was the Sawyer decision (in 1884) and why was it important? _______________ ____________________ ____________________________

8. Group 6 Topic: Placer Mining What are placer deposits?_______________________________________________ What are two areas where minerals may be deposited from water? 1) ___________ ____________________ and 2) __________________________________________ Why do deposits occur at the places listed above? ___________________________ _________________________________________ What are two minerals that may be found in placer deposits: _______________ and ______________ How are the minerals removed from the areas where they concentrate? __________ ________________________________

9. Group 7 Topic: Smelting and Undersea Mining What is SMELTING? _____________________________________________________ How do you remove the undesirable rock (gangue matter) from the mineral that is valuable? Add _________ that bonds with the impurities. Then the mineral falls to the ______________ of the furnace and is recovered. The impurities, together with the flux, float in a layer called _____________, that can be poured off and discarded. Harmful gases that are released during smelting must be ______________, so they do not enter the environment.

10. Harmful gases that are released during smelting must be ______________, so they do not enter the environment. What type minerals can be recovered from the ocean floor? ____________ _____________, __________, sand, and gravel. Why is there so little mining of our oceans? Cheaper to recover minerals from ______; difficult to recover minerals that are _______ under oceans.