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Monarchy In England

Monarchy In England. Chapter 4 Section III. Elizabeth I 1558-1603. Becomes queen in 1558 after death of Queen Mary I. Takes throne at age 25 Tudor Dynasty Parliament wanted her to marry Always politely refused Labeled the “Virgin Queen”

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Monarchy In England

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  1. Monarchy In England Chapter 4 Section III

  2. Elizabeth I 1558-1603 • Becomes queen in 1558 after death of Queen Mary I. Takes throne at age 25 • Tudor Dynasty • Parliament wanted her to marry • Always politely refused • Labeled the “Virgin Queen” • Attempted to establish a moderate church for both Catholics and Protestants • Parliament refused

  3. Mary Stuart Queen of Scots • Elizabeth’s cousin. • Called on by Catholics to overthrow Elizabeth as queen of England • Received support from Pope, French, Spanish and Italian Catholics • 1567 Mary forced to flee Scotland because of Presbyterian revolts and Johnny Knox • Fled to England under Elizabeth for 20 years • Mary plans assassination of Elizabeth • Elizabeth learns of plans and has Mary beheaded

  4. Phillip II of Spain threatens England • Husband of the late Queen Mary I of England • Big supporter of Mary Queen of Scots • Proposed marriage to Elizabeth I • Elizabeth refused • Drake and the Sea Dogs • Spanish Armada

  5. Elizabeth’s financial problems • Yearly income only 200,000 pounds • House of Commons always balked on increasing taxes • Army received low wages and lacked supplies

  6. Parliament asserts itself • Puritans begin objecting Elizabeth’s religious compromises • Puritans wished to purify the church of England with practices. • They thought the current practices were too close to Catholicism • Made up the majority of the lower house of the House of Commons • Elizabeth ignored • Her business not parliaments • Always deflected topic

  7. England had a Civil War • March 1603 Elizabeth I dies age 69. • Tudor Dynasty died with her • Closest relative Scottish cousin James Stuart • Son of Queen Mary Stuart of Scots • James was already King James VI of Scotland • Becomes King James I of England • Thrones did remain seperate

  8. James I clash with Parliament • How much power should parliament have? • James I believed in Divine Right • Same issues with parliament • Money: Elizabeth left sizable debt • Parliament no desire to pay • Puritans offended by Scottish King • Church too Catholic • James refused any changes to church • His decisions, not Parliaments

  9. King James Bible • King James I was very religious • Troubled by the fact there was no satisfying translation of the Bible • 1611 publishes the King James Bible • Elegant translation • Bible is still ready by Protestants today

  10. English Founds American Colonies • 1604 James signs peace treaty with Spain • First English settlement in 1607 • Named Jamestown in his honor • Jamestown struggled • 4/5 colonist died of hunger, disease, or attacks by natives • Became a money hole • Does survive

  11. Policies of Charles I led to war • King James I died in 1625 • Son Charles I becomes 2nd Stuart King of England • Charles believed in Divine Right • Too much pride and no common sense • Always needed money • 1626 costly war with Spain • Went to parliament for money. • Parliament refused • Charles dismissed Parliament for the first time

  12. 1627 France joins Spain in war against England • Charles demands knights and nobles pay loan to him to fund war • If refused thrown in jail • Also private home owners had to house troops at expense of home owner • 1628 forced to recall Parliament for money • Parliament still upset. Wants signed Petition of Right before giving money • Charles dissolved Parliament again

  13. England reached the brink of war • 1000 Puritans fled England to escape persecution • Charles I chose William Laud to be archbishop and lead the Church of England • Protestant • 1639 William forced Charles's Presbyterian subjects in Scotland to follow England’s style of worship • Threatened to invade England

  14. 1640 Charles I summons Parliament • In need of money • 1641 Parliament passes laws to restrict Kings authority • 1642 King Charles I and 400 swordsman storm the House of Commons and arrest the five leaders • Citizens upset with his actions and formed mobs outside his palace • Charles I fled London with a loyal army

  15. Cavaliers and Roundheads • Cavaliers: Royalists • Loyal to King Charles I • Cavaliero Spanish term meaning sympathizer • Roundheads: Puritans, Merchants, Parliament • Cropped hair short over ears instead of wearing wigs • Cavaliers had advantage due to controlling ¾ of the country • Also had entire Royal army • Roundheads advantage was the finances

  16. Oliver Cromwell • 1644 joins Roundheads forces • Genius military leader • Beginning stages of Civil War not a big impact on society • By the end 100,000 people died in battle • 1646 Cromwell and his New Model Army defeated kings forces • Charles I was a prisoner in Scotland

  17. Cromwell Issues • 1647 Parliament attempts to dissolve New Model Army • Cromwell refuses; Parliament jump ships to King Charles side • Cromwell defeats opposing parliament and capture’s King Charles I • Cromwell marches army into London and Surrounds Parliament • Expels 143 members

  18. Trial for Treason • 1649 King Charles I is tried for treason • Found guilty • January 30, 1649 day of execution • First public execution of a king or queen

  19. Cromwell ruled as a military dictator • Cromwell loses respect of citizens and parliament • 1653 Cromwell drafted a constitution • 1st written constitution by a major European country • Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector • Puritans created new laws • Theaters closed • Sporting events banned

  20. The Conquest of Ireland • Very harsh policies in Ireland • Ireland under England’s control with Henry VIII • Frequently rebelled • 1649 Cromwell and army land in Ireland and kill all 9000 citizens of Drogheda • Lands were seized and given to English soldiers • 616,000 Irish died from plague and homelessness between 1641-1652

  21. Death of Cromwell • Cromwell died in 1658; Son Richard takes title of Lord Protector • Richard was not his dad • Army deserted Richard • People of England wanted a King to rule

  22. Parliament won political power • 1659 General George Monck decided England needed to be restored to a monarchy • Recalled parliament • Parliament voted on bringing back a Stuart • Prince Charles Stuart first option • Charles I oldest son • Exiled

  23. King Charles II • 1660 all of England welcomed him back • King Charles II restored theaters, and sporting events • Era became known as Restoration of Parliament • Moderate ruler • Charles II did not attempt to return Divine Right • Wanted to please both Catholics and Protestants • Parliament refused; only one official religion of England

  24. Passage of Habeas Corpus • 1679 passed habeas corpus • Latin term “You have the body” • Gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ (document) ordering that the prisoner be brought before a judge • Judge then decided to give a trial or set prisoner free • No longer possible for king/queen to put someone in jail for opposing them • Impossible to hold in jail indefinitely without a trial

  25. Problems over religion and money • Charles II could not live on money provided by parliament • Parliament wouldn’t pay more • Charles II turned to King Louis XIV of France • Louis XIV agreed to pay Charles II a lump sum each year • Charles II would convert to Catholicism

  26. Change in power • King Charles II died in 1685 • James II becomes king • James II asserted Divine Right • Formation of political parties • Whigs: against James II • Tories: supports James II • Tories originally supported the assertion of Divine Right

  27. King James II begins appointing Catholics to high office positions • Violation of laws passed by Restoration Parliament • Tories and Whigs opposed this • James II dissolved Parliament

  28. James II Problems • 1. Announced government post would be open to Catholics and Protestants • 2. Stations 13,000 soldiers outside London • Londoners feared he was preparing to force Catholicism as only religion • 3. 1688 announced 2nd wife gave birth to a son • Protestants terrified of line of catholic kings

  29. Other options • James’ first wife was protestant • Had a daughter Mary • Mary was wife of William of Orange of Netherlands • Both very protestant • Whigs and Tories invited Mary and William to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism • William and Mary agree

  30. William and Mary invade England • 1688 William leads army into England • Met no opposition • James II fled to France in exile until death • England celebrated the Glorious Revolution

  31. English win a Bill of Rights • 1689 Parliament asked William and Mary to rule as joint sovereigns • Recognized parliament as leading partner • Parliament drafts bill of rights to clarify the split of authority

  32. Thomas Hobbes • Author of Leviathan in 1651 • Wrote 2 years after Charles I was beheaded • All humans naturally wicked; people would give free reign to evil ways. • Governments created to protect people from own selfishness • Big supporter of absolute monarchy

  33. John Locke • Wrote the Treaties of Government in 1690 • Government exist to protect three basic human rights • 1. right to life • 2. right to liberty • 3. right to property • Rights were absolute. Belonging to all people • Government was a contract with people. Rulers promised to safeguard people’s natural rights • If government abuses. People have the right to rebel. • Locke's philosophy followed by Thomas Jefferson

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