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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed). Chapter 14 Stress and Health James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers. Stress and Health. Behavioral Medicine interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

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  1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 14 Stress and Health James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

  2. Stress and Health • Behavioral Medicine • interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease • Health Psychology • subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

  3. Stress and Illness • Leading causes of death in the US in 1900 and 2000

  4. Stress and Illness • Stress • the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

  5. Response Appraisal Threat (“Yikes! This is beyond me!”) Panic, freeze up Stressful event (tough math test) Challenge (“I’ve got to apply all I know”) Aroused, focused Stress Appraisal

  6. Cerebral cortex (perceives stressor) Pituitary hormone in the bloodstream stimulates the outer part of the adrenal gland to release the stress hormone cortisol Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Sympathetic nervous system releases the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from nerve endings in the inner part of the adrenal glands Adrenal glands

  7. The body’s resistance to stress can last only so long before exhaustion sets in Stress resistance Stressor occurs Phase 1 Alarm reaction (mobilize resources) Phase 2 Resistance (cope with stressor) Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted) Stress and Illness • General Adaptation Syndrome • Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages

  8. Stressful Life Events • Catastrophic Events • earthquakes, combat stress, floods • Life Changes • death of a loved one, divorce, loss of job, promotion • Daily Hassles • rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout

  9. Stressful Life Events • Chronic Stress by Age

  10. “Executive” rat “Subordinate” rat Control rat To shock control To shock source No connection to shock source Perceived Control • Health consequences of a loss of control

  11. Perceived Control • Equality and Longevity

  12. Stress and the Heart • Coronary Heart Disease • clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle • leading cause of death in many developed countries

  13. 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Hopelessness scores Men who feel extreme hopelessness are at greater risk for heart attacks and early death Heart attack Death Low risk Moderate risk High risk Stress and the Heart

  14. Stress and the Heart • Type A • Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people • Type B • Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

  15. Stress and the Heart

  16. Stress and Disease • Psychophysiological Illness • “mind-body” illness • any stress-related physical illness • some forms of hypertension • some headaches • distinct from hypochondriasis-- misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

  17. Stress and Disease • Lymphocytes • two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system • B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections • T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

  18. UCS (drug) UCR (immune suppression) CS (sweetened water) UCS (drug) UCR (immune suppression) CS (sweetened water) CR (immune suppression) Stress and Disease • Conditioning of immune suppression

  19. Heart disease Persistent stressors and negative emotions Release of stress hormones Immune suppression Unhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking, poor nutrition and sleep) Autonomic nervous system effects (headaches, hypertension) Stress and Disease • Negative emotions and health-related consequences

  20. 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Depression score No-treatment group Relaxation treatment group Aerobic exercise group Before treatment evaluation After treatment evaluation Promoting Health • Aerobic Exercise • sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness

  21. Promoting Health • Biofeedback • system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state • blood pressure • muscle tension

  22. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Percentage of patients with recurrent heart attacks (cumulative average) Control patients Modifying life-style reduced recurrent heart attacks Life-style modification patients 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Year Promoting Health • Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence of heart attacks

  23. Percentage with high support 100% 90 80 70 60 50 12-14 18-19 25-34 45-54 65-74 15-17 20-24 35-44 55-64 75+ Age in years Promoting Health • Social support across the life span

  24. Life events Personal appraisal Challenge Threat Personality type Easy going Nondepressed Optimistic Hostile Depressed Pessimistic Personality habits Nonsmoking Regular exercise Good nutrition Smoking Sedentary Poor nutrition Level of social support Close, enduring Lacking Tendency toward Health Illness

  25. Relative risk of dying Not smoking Regular exercise Weekly religious attendance Women Men Promoting Health 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 • Predictors of mortality

  26. Promoting Health • Religious Attendance

  27. Healthy behaviors (less smoking, drinking) Religious involvement Social support (faith communities, marriage) Better health (less immune system suppression, stress hormones, and suicide) Positive emotions (less stress, anxiety) Promoting Health • The religion factor is mulitidimensional

  28. Promoting Health • Complementary and Alternative Medicine • unproven health care treatments not taught widely in medical schools, not used in hospitals, and not usually reimbursed by insurance companies

  29. Subfields of Alternative Medicine Alternative systems of medical practice Bioelectromagnetic applications Diet, nutrition, life-style changes Herbal medicine Manual healing Mind-body control Pharmacological and biological treatments Health care ranging from self-care according to folk principles, to care rendered in an organized health care system based on alternative traditions or practices The study of how living organisms interact with electromagnetic (EM) fields The knowledge of how to prevent illness, maintain health, and reverse the effects of chronic disease through dietary or nutritional intervention Employing plan and plant products from folk medicine traditions for pharmacological use Using touch and manipulation with the hands as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool Exploring the mind’s capacity to affect the body, based on traditional medical systems that make use of the interconnected- ness of mind and body Drugs and vaccines not yet accepted by mainstream medicine

  30. Number of deaths per 100,000 33,348 1,686 1,135 556 202 Smoking Suicide Vehicle HIV/ Homicide crash AIDS Cause of death Promoting Health 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 • Smoking-related early deaths

  31. The Physiological Effects of Nicotine

  32. 60% 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage of Canadians smoking Males Females 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994- 1996- 1995 1997 Year Promoting Health • Fewer Canadian smokers

  33. Smoking Prevention • U.S. teen smoking

  34. 20 15 10 5 0 Percentage of students who smoke Fewer teens took up smoking when “inoculated” against it Control school School with smoking Prevention program 0 4 9 12 16 21 33 Seventh grade Eighth grade Ninth grade Months of study Smoking Prevention • Results of a smoking inoculation program

  35. Obesity and Weight Control • Obesity and body mass index

  36. 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 Relative risk of death 18.5 18.5- 20.5- 22.0- 23.5- 25.0- 26.5- 28.0- 30.0- 32.0- 35.0- 40 20.4 21.9 23.4 24.9 26.4 27.9 29.9 31.9 34.9 39.9 Body-mass index (BM I) Men Women Obesity and Weight Control • Obesity and mortality

  37. 7 6 Willingness to hire scale (from1: definitely not hire to 7: definitely hire) 5 4 3 2 1 0 Women Men Normal Overweight Weight Discrimination • When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire

  38. Metabolism: Oxygen consumption in liters per hour Body weight in kilograms Caloric intake in calories per day 26 25 24 23 22 21 165 160 155 150 145 140 3000 2000 1000 0 8 16 24 32 8 16 24 32 8 16 24 32 Days Days Days Weight Control • Effects of a severe diet

  39. Weight Control • Trading risks

  40. Weight Control • Thinning of Miss America

  41. 10 Weight change in pounds Starting point 5 0 Normal trend for untreated obese people: Gradually rising weight -5 -10 After participation in behavioral Program: Much of initial weight loss regained -15 -20 Post treatment 1 2 3 4 5 Years of follow-up Weight Control • Most lost weight is regained

  42. Skinfold fat measure (mm) 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 <2 2-3 >4 Hours of television watched per day in 1990s study Boys Girls Weight Control • Obesity was more common among those who watched the most television

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