Step Up To: Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

Step Up To: Psychologyby John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From Myers, Psychology 8e Worth Publishers

Chapter 18: Social Psychology Conform You’ve got an Attitude It’s just natural Social Thinking Do the right thing

Social Thinking 500 400 300 200 100

You’ve got attitude 500 400 300 200 100

Conform 500 400 300 200 100

It’s just natural 500 400 300 200 100

Do the right thing 500 400 300 200 100

1. Attribution theory was designed to account for: • A) the process of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others. • B) the impact of both heredity and environment on social behavior. • C) social facilitation and social loafing. • D) how people explain others’ behavior.

2. Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others’ behavior either to their ____ or to their ____. • A) heredity; environment • B) dispositions; situations • C) biological motives; psychological motives • D) cognitions; emotions

3. We have a tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of ____ and to explain our own behavior in terms of ____. • A) personality traits; situational constraints • B) informational influence; normative influence • C) situational constraints; personality traits • D) normative influence; informational influence

4. The fundamental attribution error is likely to lead observers to: • A) show sympathy toward those who are poor and unemployed. • B) praise those who have engaged in acts of heroism. • C) show mercy toward those who have committed criminal acts. • D) do all of the above.

Poverty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of personal dispositions by ___ and in terms of situational influences by ___. • A) the poor; the rich • B) attribution theory; social exchange theory • C) social psychologists; evolutionary psychologists • D) political conservatives; political liberals

6. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to: • A) neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group. • B) perform simple tasks more effectively in the presence of others. • C) comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request. • D) lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.

7. Attitudes are ___ that guide behavior. • A) norms and roles • B) superordinate goals • C) beliefs and feelings • D) dispositional attributions

8. After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in a large company, Jody developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of: • A) deindividuation. • B) social facilitation. • C) mirror-image perceptions. • D) role-playing.

9. We are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel ___ sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally ___. • A) a great; disapprove • B) little; disapprove • C) little; approve • D) a great; approve

10. Kim is tempted to shoplift a gold necklace even though she has negative feelings about shoplifting. She is least likely to steal the merchandise if: • A) she is suffering the effects of deindividuation. • B) she is highly aware of her negative feelings about shoplifting. • C) her negative feelings about stealing were developed in early childhood. • D) she has recently shoplifted.

11. Roberto hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister’s wedding to avoid his family’s disapproval. His behavior exemplifies the importance of: • A) the mere exposure effect. • B) informational social influence. • C) normative social influence. • D) social facilitation.

12. Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group’s judgment of the lengths of lines: • A) only when the group was composed of at least six members. • B) even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect. • C) even when the group seemed uncertain and repeatedly altered its judgment. • D) only when members of the group were of high status.

13. A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage: • A) altruism. • B) nonconformity. • C) ingroup bias. • D) groupthink.

14. Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram’s initial obedience experiment because: • A) the “learners” made so few learning errors under stress. • B) the “teachers” actually enjoyed shocking another person. • C) the “learners” obediently accepted painful shocks without protest. • D) the “teachers” were more obedient than most people would have predicted.

15. According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that: • A) even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction. • B) people are naturally predisposed to be hostile and aggressive. • C) the desire to be accepted by others is one of the strongest human motives. • D) people value their freedom and react negatively when they feel they are being coerced to do something.

16. Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates: • A) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. • B) social facilitation. • C) group polarization. • D) the bystander effect.

17. The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as: • A) deindividuation. • B) the bystander effect. • C) group polarization. • D) social loafing.

18. When college women were dressed in KKK-style hoods, they demonstrated significantly more aggression. This is best explained in terms of: • A) social facilitation. • B) modeling. • C) groupthink. • D) deindividuation.

19. Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which: • A) two subgroups of individuals have opposing opinions. • B) individuals share a similar opinion. • C) each individual has a unique perspective. • D) individuals have not formed any opinion.

20. The ill-fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers of: • A) deindividuation. • B) the bystander effect. • C) groupthink. • D) social facilitation.

21. Prejudice is best defined as: • A) the tendency to favor members of one’s own group. • B) a fearful suspicion of people one has never met. • C) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. • D) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.

22. Which of the following proverbs is most clearly supported by research on social attraction? • A) The beautiful are the lonely. • B) Opposites attract. • C) Absence makes the heart grow fonder. • D) Birds of a feather flock together.

23. GRIT attempts to reduce conflict through: • A) third party mediation. • B) conciliation. • C) intimidation. • D) pacifism.

24. According to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by: • A) calculations of costs and benefits. • B) feelings of social responsibility. • C) reciprocity of norms. • D) family ties.

25. The best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during the Kitty Genovese murder is that they failed to: • A) experience any empathy for a stranger. • B) assume personal responsibility for helping the victim. • C) realize that the incident was really an emergency situation. • D) notice that the incident was taking place.

Congratulations!

Answers Stop here, or continue as a review

1. Attribution theory was designed to account for: • A) the process of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others. • B) the impact of both heredity and environment on social behavior. • C) social facilitation and social loafing. • D) how people explain others’ behavior. 724

2. Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others’ behavior either to their ____ or to their ____. • A) heredity; environment • B) dispositions; situations • C) biological motives; psychological motives • D) cognitions; emotions 724

3. We have a tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of ____ and to explain our own behavior in terms of ____. • A) personality traits; situational constraints • B) informational influence; normative influence • C) situational constraints; personality traits • D) normative influence; informational influence 724

4. The fundamental attribution error is likely to lead observers to: • A) show sympathy toward those who are poor and unemployed. • B) praise those who have engaged in acts of heroism. • C) show mercy toward those who have committed criminal acts. • D) do all of the above. 724

Poverty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of personal dispositions by ___ and in terms of situational influences by ___. • A) the poor; the rich • B) attribution theory; social exchange theory • C) social psychologists; evolutionary psychologists • D) political conservatives; political liberals 725

6. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to: • A) neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group. • B) perform simple tasks more effectively in the presence of others. • C) comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request. • D) lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity. 727

7. Attitudes are ___ that guide behavior. • A) norms and roles • B) superordinate goals • C) beliefs and feelings • D) dispositional attributions 726

8. After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in a large company, Jody developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of: • A) deindividuation. • B) social facilitation. • C) mirror-image perceptions. • D) role-playing. 728

9. We are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel ___ sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally ___. • A) a great; disapprove • B) little; disapprove • C) little; approve • D) a great; approve 728

10. Kim is tempted to shoplift a gold necklace even though she has negative feelings about shoplifting. She is least likely to steal the merchandise if: • A) she is suffering the effects of deindividuation. • B) she is highly aware of her negative feelings about shoplifting. • C) her negative feelings about stealing were developed in early childhood. • D) she has recently shoplifted. 729

11. Roberto hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister’s wedding to avoid his family’s disapproval. His behavior exemplifies the importance of: • A) the mere exposure effect. • B) informational social influence. • C) normative social influence. • D) social facilitation. 731

12. Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group’s judgment of the lengths of lines: • A) only when the group was composed of at least six members. • B) even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect. • C) even when the group seemed uncertain and repeatedly altered its judgment. • D) only when members of the group were of high status. 732

13. A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage: • A) altruism. • B) nonconformity. • C) ingroup bias. • D) groupthink. 734

14. Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram’s initial obedience experiment because: • A) the “learners” made so few learning errors under stress. • B) the “teachers” actually enjoyed shocking another person. • C) the “learners” obediently accepted painful shocks without protest. • D) the “teachers” were more obedient than most people would have predicted. 734

15. According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that: • A) even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction. • B) people are naturally predisposed to be hostile and aggressive. • C) the desire to be accepted by others is one of the strongest human motives. • D) people value their freedom and react negatively when they feel they are being coerced to do something. 735

16. Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates: • A) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. • B) social facilitation. • C) group polarization. • D) the bystander effect. 738

Step Up To: Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.