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Russian Revolution

Russian Revolution . Autocracy to Totalitarianism. Upholding Autocracy. Autocracy —a single ruler hold unlimited political power Czar Nicholas I & Alexander II had been mistreating & abusing peasants while social inequalities were growing Alexander II was assassinated in 1881

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Russian Revolution

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  1. Russian Revolution Autocracy to Totalitarianism

  2. Upholding Autocracy • Autocracy—a single ruler hold unlimited political power • Czar Nicholas I & Alexander II had been mistreating & abusing peasants while social inequalities were growing • Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 • Even though he was enacting some peasant reforms • Alexander III took his father’s throne and ended all reforms to put more power in his hands • Wanted to strengthen “autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality”…all power, all Orthodox, all speaking Russian

  3. The Last of the Romanovs

  4. Upholding Autocracy • Alexander III works to end rebellions • Strict censorship • Secret police watching over schools • Teachers reporting on student writing • Political prisoners sent to Siberia • Nationalist Reforms • Russian is official language, no Polish • Persecution of Jews becomes national policy • Couldn’t buy land • Quotas of Jews at universities • Pogroms—organized violence against Jews • Police looted & destroyed Jewish homes, stores, & synogogues

  5. Pogroms

  6. New Czar Resists Change • Czar Nicholas II takes over in 1894 & continues autocracy • Economic Growth • # of factories doubled • 4th leading producer of steel, but still lagged behind Europe • Trans-Siberian Railway—world’s longest railway • Connected Euro-Russian to Pacific ports in 1904

  7. Trans-Siberian Railway

  8. New Czar Resists Change • Revolutionary Spirit Grows • Rapid industrialization created usual problems • Competing revolutionary movements arise • Marxist Groups Arise • Industrial class should overthrow the czar • Form a dictatorship of proletariat • Division in groups • Mensheviks want a democratic revolution • Bolsheviks want a communist, dictatorial revolution • Bolsheviks • Supported a small number of committed revolutionaries • Led by Vladimir Lenin, a ruthless leader that was hiding in Western Europe from czar

  9. Bolsheviks

  10. Ponder This! • What did the czars do to maintain an autocracy? • What impact did this policy have on the future revolution? • How did Russia’s Industrial Revolution contribute to the growing tensions in Russia? • What is a pogrom and why was it used? • What is the difference between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks?

  11. Crisis at Home & Abroad • Russo-Japanese War • Competing over Korea & Manchuria • Russia kept breaking treaties over use of territories • Japan attacked & defeated Russia in 1905 • Revolution of 1905: Bloody Sunday • 200,000 workers march on Winter Palace carrying a petition asking for better working conditions & more freedoms • Nicholas wasn’t there, but police opened fire killing 1000 unarmed protesters • Strikes & violence spread across country • Nicholas forced to allow a Duma, Russian parliament • He dissolved it shortly after

  12. Russo-Japanese War

  13. Bloody Sunday

  14. Crisis at Home & Abroad • World War I: Final Blow • Nicholas brought Russia into war in 1914 • Weak generals & limited supplies allowed easy German victories…4 million lost in 1 year • Nicholas went to war front in 1915, leaving country to Czarina Alexandra • She ignored Nicholas’ advisors and fell under the spell of mysterious Rasputin, a magical holy-man who was helping Alexis • Troop morale was dropping with defections & mutinies • Supplies ran short on home front w/ rising inflation

  15. Rasputin

  16. March Revolution--1917 • Women led riots of 200,000 in Petrograd over bread and food shortages • Soldiers initially opened fire, but then turned on their commanding officers…spreading riots nationwide • Nicholas II was forced to abdicate his throne, ending 300 years of Romanov rule • Duma set up Provisional Government, headed by Alexander Kerensky • Supported the war, upsetting soldiers & citizens • Peasants wanted land, workers wanted raises • Competition arose among local soviets of workers, peasants, and soldiers • They gained more influence then Provisional Government • Germans arranged for return of V.I. Lenin in April 1917

  17. March Revolution

  18. Ponder This! • Describe the Russian psyche after the Russo-Japanese War. • What was the cause and effect of the Bloody Sunday riots? • Why were Russian people upset with the war effort in WWI? • What was role of Rasputin? • Why did Russia withdrawal from WWI? • What was cause & effect of March Revolution?

  19. Bolshevik Revolution • Bolsheviks gain control of soviets in Petrograd & other major cities • “All power to the soviets” • “Peace, Land, Bread” • Provisional Gov’t topples • Nov. 1917, Red Guard (Bolsheviks) stormed winter palace in Petrograd…factory workers • Took over gov’t offices & arrested leaders • Lasted hours, Kerensky disappeared

  20. November Revolution

  21. Bolshevik Revolution • Bolsheviks in Power • Lenin orders all farmland distributed among peasants • Workers given control of factories • Signed Treaty of Brest-Litvosk • Land give-away in treaty caused anger among Russians • Civil War • White army rises in opposition to Bolshevik reforms w/ help from Allies • Red army led by Leon Trotsky successfully fights back White army and quells all rebellions from 1918-1920 resulting in 15 million dead

  22. Leon Trotsky

  23. Lenin Restores Order • Economy was in turmoil, trade stagnant, industrial production decreasing, skilled labor leaving • New Economic Plan (NEP) • Put aside state run communism for small-scale capitalism • Allowed profits to begin to circulate through country • Gov’t controlled rest of essential enterprises • Major industries, banks, communication • Encoraged foreign investment

  24. Lenin Restores Order • Political Reforms • Russian contained many nationalities, posing threat to nationalism • Lenin organized Russia into many self-governing republics under Soviet central control • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) was created in 1922, w/ Moscow as capital • Bolsheviks renamed to Communist Party • Reality became a dictatorship of party, not workers • By 1928, USSR recovered to pre WWI economic standing • Lenin died in 1924 of a stroke, creating a new power struggle

  25. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)

  26. Ponder This! • What is a soviet? • Who are the Bolsheviks? • Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks? • Why did the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk upset the Russian people? • Describe the struggle of the Russian Civil War. • What was Lenin’s NEP? • What did Lenin call the new socialist government he created? • The Bolsheviks changed their name to what to honor whom?

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