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A: Ch.19, section 2 H: Ch.25

A: Ch.19, section 2 H: Ch.25. Microbiology. Image from: http ://evans.amedd.army.mil/lab/micro.htm. Part 1: Viruses. Essential Question: How do viruses differ from bacteria?. A . Definition. A nonliving particle that needs a host cell to survive. Hepatitis. HIV. Bacteriophage.

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A: Ch.19, section 2 H: Ch.25

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  1. A: Ch.19, section 2H: Ch.25 Microbiology Image from: http://evans.amedd.army.mil/lab/micro.htm

  2. Part 1: Viruses Essential Question: How do viruses differ from bacteria?

  3. A. Definition • A nonliving particle that needs a host cell to survive Hepatitis HIV Bacteriophage Images from: http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/1024; http://www.digitalhen.co.uk/news/health-14328300; http://www.ght.org.uk/news/category/non-progressors

  4. B. Structure Made of 2 important things: 1. Contains either DNAor RNA 2. surrounded by a proteincoat known as a CAPSID Video clip 1 + 2

  5. C. Replication 1. Lytic Cycle --virus IMMEDIATELY makes more viruses and destroys the host cell

  6. C. Replication (cont) • 2. Lysogenic cycle • --These viruses can hide in host until signaled to replicate Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7911/2025347.cw/index.html

  7. Thus, Not all viruses replicate immediately. Lysogenic Cycle viruses Lytic Cycle viruses Video clip 3

  8. D. Examples of Viruses Rabies Chicken pox Influenza Images from: http://bacvirpara.blogspot.com/2011/07/varicella-zoster-virus-chicken-pox.html http://www.utmb.edu/virusimages/ http://www.doctortipster.com/6952-dutch-researcher-created-a-super-influenza-virus-with-the-potential-to-kill-millions.html;

  9. D. Examples of Viruses (cont) 1. Bacteriophage • a VIRUS that attacks bacteria • Have a protein "tail" attached that is used to infect the host bacteria. Click on image

  10. D. Examples of Viruses (cont) 2. Tobacco Mosaic Virus = example of a plant virus Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7911/2025347.cw/index.html

  11. D. Examples of Viruses (cont) 3. Ebola = example of an animal virus Image from: http://giantelectric.blogspot.com/2011/10/5-of-most-horrifying-things-ive-ever.html; http://www.betterworldbooks.com/the-hot-zone-id-0385479565.aspx

  12. D. Examples of Viruses (cont) 4. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) • This virus can lead • to AIDS • Is an example of a retrovirus • Contains RNA and reverse transcriptase Video clip HIV and AIDS Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/viruses/hivvirus.html; http://scienceline.org/2007/07/scientists-moser-hiv-epidemiologist/

  13. D. Examples of Viruses (cont) 5. Influenza Virus • RNA containing virus • Mutates rapidly Click on image Magnification: approximately x70,000 Video clip 4 + 5 Image from: http://www.utmb.edu/virusimages/; http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/viruses/influenzavirus.html;

  14. E. Location of Infection • Viral infections usually involve several parts of the body • Examples: • Cold and flu Image from: http://lynnkerewchiropractic.com/blog/all-natural-remedies-for-the-flu/

  15. F. Prevention • Antibiotics CANNOT KILL viruses • Instead, VACCINES are used to PREVENT viruses. • Vaccine= • A dead or weakened version of a virus that helps to increase immunity in the host Video clip vaccines and eradicate smallpox Image from: http://www.sheknows.com/parenting/articles/851253/doctors-debate-the-benefits-of-vaccine-cocooning/

  16. Activities 1. Video Clips • Discovery Streaming “Understanding Viruses” • Clips to show • Play part 1 time 2:30 to 17:20 (you will stop the playing after the section on vaccines—so right when the section describing mutations comes on, hit stop) • Then show clip 11, “The Death of Disease: Efforts to Eradicate Smallpox” (time 28:58) • Then show clip 16, “HIV and AIDS” (time 38:43) • Finally show clip 18, “Using Viruses to Cure Genetic Diseases” (time 45:00) • Understanding: Viruses. Discovery Channel School (1997). Retrieved June 4, 2008, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/ 2. Vaccines Web Activity 3. Spread of Disease Activity Website for activity= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/vaccines.html Image from: http://www.123rf.com/photo_4335978_pipette-with-drop-of-liquid-over-test-tubes-for-an-experiment-in-a-science-research-lab.html

  17. Part 2: Bacteria Essential Question: How do viruses differ from bacteria?

  18. A. Definition/Facts Bacteria . . . Are prokaryotic cells Are unicellular Most numerous organisms on Earth First forms of life on Earth Click on image Web visual found at http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/

  19. A. Facts (cont) 5. What percent of bacteria are helpful? 99%

  20. A. Facts (cont) Helpful vs. Harmful + food production + digestion + water purification + environment— decomposers oil spills + list is ENDLESS!! —spoil foods —cause disease

  21. A. Facts (cont) 6. Oxygen Relationships Obligate aerobe= require oxygen to live Obligate anaerobe= require a complete absence of oxygen to live Facultative anaerobe= either or (can survive with oxygen, but doesn’t need it)

  22. B. Structure  Fill in diagram

  23. C. Reproduction • MOST bacteria reproduce by BINARY FISSION • (see picture) • Conjugation: some bacteria exchange genetic info by forming a temporary bridge Endospore: some bacteria form an endospore and go dormant when conditions are unfavorable Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7910/2025031.cw/index.html

  24. C. Reproduction Conjugation Images from: http://www.3dscience.com/3D_Images/Biology/Bacterial/Bacterial_Types/Conjugation.php; http://bacteriakingdoms.com/conjugation-bacteria

  25. C. Reproduction “To appreciate the explosive potential for population increase, consider a single bacterium that can reproduce by fission every 20 minutes under ideal conditions. There would be two bacteria after 20 minutes, four after 40 minutes, eight after 80 minutes, and so on. If this continued for a day and a half—a mere 36 hours—there would be bacteria enough to form a layer a foot deep over the entire Earth.” ~pg. 730 Campbell, N., Reece, J., Taylor, M., Simon, E. (2006). Biology:Concepts and Connections. Fifth edition. New York: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7923/2028311.cw/index.html

  26. D. Shapes of Bacteria Shapes Prefixes 1. 1. = pair = sphere 2. 2. = rod = chain 3. 3. = spiral = bunch Images from: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/bacteria.htm

  27. D. Shapes (cont) Streptococcus Strep Throat

  28. D. Shapes (cont) Shape? Rod - Bacillus Escherichia coli - e.coli

  29. D. Shapes (cont) Shape? Bacillus anthracis Death from anthrax is due to oxygen depletion

  30. D. Shapes (cont) Shape? Spiral - Spirillum Cholera Intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water.

  31. E. Location of Infection • Bacterial infections are USUALLY localized at single point • Examples: • strep throat • urinary tract infections • most ear infections • some sinus infections Image from: http://lynnkerewchiropractic.com/blog/all-natural-remedies-for-the-flu/

  32. F. Treatment • Antibiotics CAN KILL bacteria • Antibiotic = Drugs that combat bacteria by interfering with various cellular functions. • Antibiotic resistant bacteria = ? Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin in 1929 Images from: http://herbarium.usu.edu/fungi/funfacts/penicillin.htm; http://www.positivehealth.com/article/candida/superbugs-is-this-the-final-warning

  33. Fun Facts There are more bacterial cells in your body than there are human cells. Scientists estimate that bacteria produce nearly half the oxygen found in the atmosphere There are more microbes on your body than there are humans on the entire planet. An area of skin as small as 6.5 square cm (1 square inch) may be home to more than half a million microbes. Bacteria

  34. Activities 1. Video Clips • United Streaming: “Understanding Bacteria” • Clips to show • Play through the first four full segments—1-under the microscope: anthrax 1:24, 2-understanding bacteria 3:55, 3-the good and bad sides of bacteria 11:06, and 4-Penicillin: From creation to resistance 5:15—then stop the video when “gold bug” comes up and discuss what was viewed with the class). • Understanding: Bacteria. Discovery Channel School(2004). Retrieved June 4, 2008, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/ 2. Mysteries of the Black Death Video 3. Viruses vs Bacteria Venn Diagram Image from: http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/secrets_of_the_dead_mystery_of_the_black_death/

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