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This unit provides an overview of the history of psychology, including its roots in ancient philosophy and the birth of psychological science. It also explores the different psychological perspectives and subfields within the field of psychology.
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Unit Overview • What is Psychology? • Contemporary Psychology Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Psychology’s RootsPrescientific Psychology • Ancient Greeks • Socrates; Philosopher/Teacher • Plato; Socrates’ student • Mind is separate from body and continues after body dies • Knowledge is born within us • Derived principles by logic • Aristotle; Plato’s student, love of data • Knowledge is NOT pre-existing but grows from experience • Derived principles from observation
Psychology’s RootsPrescientific Psychology • Rene Descartes • Francis Bacon • John Locke • Tabula Rasa (blank slate) • Empiricism
Psychology’s RootsPsychological Science is Born • Wilhelm Wundt (1879) • University of Leipzig; Wundt and psychology’s first graduate students studied the “atoms of the mind” by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany. • This work is considered the birth of psychology as we know it today. • Reaction time experiment
Psychology’s RootsThinking About the Mind’s Structure • Edward Titchener • Structuralism • introspection
Psychology’s RootsThinking About the Mind’s Function • William James • wrote an important 1890 psychology textbook. • Functionalism • Mary Calkins • APA’s first female president • Margaret Floy Washburn • Experimental psychology
Psychological Science Develops Sigmund Freud emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.
Psychological Science Develops • Behaviorism • John B. Watson • B.F. Skinner • “study of observable behavior”
Psychological Science Develops • Humanistic psychology • Carl Rogers • Abraham Maslow • Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance. • Cognitive Neuroscience
Psychological Science Develops • Psychology • Science • Behavior • Mental processes
Psychology’s Biggest Question • Nature – Nurture Issue • Biology versus experience • History • Greeks • Rene Descartes • Charles Darwin • Natural selection
Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis • Levels of Analysis • Biological • Psychological • Social-cultural • Biopsychosocial Approach
Psychological Approaches/Perspectives • Biological psychology • Evolutionary psychology • Psychodynamic psychology • Behavioral psychology • Cognitive psychology • Humanistic psychology • Social-cultural psychology
Psychology’s Perspectives Biological: How are messages transmitted within the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? To what extent are traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? Evolutionary: How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?
Psychology’s Perspectives Psychodynamic: How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as the disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?
Psychological Perspectives Behavioral: How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the best way to alter our behavior, say, to lose weight or stop smoking? Cognitive: How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Solving Problems? Humanistic: How can we work toward fulfilling our potential? How can we overcome barriers to our personal growth?
Psychological Perspectives Social-cultural: How are we humans alike as members of one human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?
Psychology’s Subfields: Research Data: APA 1997
Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Data: APA 1997
Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients.
Tips for Studying Psychology • SQ3R • Study Tips • Distribute your study time • Learn to think critically • In class, listen actively • Overlearn • Be a smart test-taker
Test Your Knowledge Link each of the statements regarding prosocial, or helping, behavior to the appropriate psychological perspective. • By helping each other, we are more likely to survive and reproduce. Evolutionary 2. A specific brain region underlies our experience of empathy for persons in distress. Biological
Unconscious sexual motivation prompts our willingness to help others. Psychodynamic • We are most likely to help those we perceive as similar to ourselves and who we believe deserve our assistance. Cognitive • By helping others, we achieve a better sense of self-fulfillment. Humanistic
The willingness of people to help varies greatly across the world’s societies. Social-cultural • Children who have been rewarded for helpful behavior are more likely to be helpful in future interpersonal interactions. Behavioral
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Definition Slide = add definition here
Empiricism = the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.
Structuralism = an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.
Functionalism = a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
