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PROCESSING OF X RAY FILMS

Learn about the process of transforming latent X-ray images into visible images on film using chemical changes. Discover the formation of latent images, developer solutions, fixing techniques, and darkroom equipment involved. Understand manual and rapid processing methods, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of self-processing films versus automatic processing. Explore the advantages and challenges of each approach in dental radiography.

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PROCESSING OF X RAY FILMS

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  1. PROCESSING OF X RAY FILMS

  2. Introduction • Image receptor in dental radiography  film • Beam of photons  film  chemical changes • Latent image  visible image - Processing

  3. Formation of latent image • Emulsion  photosensitive crystals • Imperfections in crystals • Free silver ions in between the spaces • Physical distortion due to large sized iodide ions • Addition of sulfur impurities

  4. Formation of latent image • X rays  Silver halide crystals  Compton & Photoelectric effect • Removal of electron from bromide ions • Recoil electrons accumulate at latent image site • Attract Silver ions  metallic Silver atoms

  5. Processing • Immerse film in developer • Rinse the film • Immerse film in fixer • Wash film in running water • Dry film & mount for viewing

  6. Developer solution Reduces all silver ions to metallic silver grains • Developer – Elon / Phenidone & Hydroquinone • Activator – sodium or potassium hydroxide • Preservative – sodium sulfite • Restrainer – potassium bromide / benzotriazole

  7. Developer replenisher • As films are processed  the developer content used / eaten up • Some portion of used solution removed • Each morning – fresh concentrated solution • 8 ounces / gallon

  8. Rinsing • Running water for 30 seconds • Dilutes the residual developer • Removes alkali activator • Not used in automatic processing

  9. Fixing solution Dissolve and remove undeveloped silver halide crystals • Clearing agent – ammonium thiosulfate (“hypo”) • Acidifier – acetic acid • Preservative – ammonium sulfite • Hardener – aluminum sulfate

  10. Washing • Flowing water • Not below 60o F • If not proper discolored stains • Thiosulfate reacting with silver  brown colored silver sulfide

  11. Darkroom equipment • Lightproof • Light tight door / doorless maze • Safelighting • 15 watts bulb  4 feet above working area • Red GBX-2 filter

  12. Processing tanks • Master tank – 20 x 25 cms (8 x 10 inches)  water • 2 removable insert tanks  developing & fixing solutions • Developer – left side • Fixer – right side • Covering lid

  13. Other equipment • Thermometer • Timer • Film hangars • Drying racks • Drying fan or electric heater

  14. Manual processing • Time temperature method • 68o F  5 mins • 70o F  4 ½ mins • 72o F  4 mins • 76o F  3 mins • 80o F  2 ½ mins • Visual method

  15. Rapid processing chemicals • Develop – 15 seconds • Fix – 15 seconds • Room temperature • Higher concentration of Hydroquinone • Endodontics • Emergency situations • After viewing – fix conventionally • Improves contrast • Stable in storage

  16. Self processing films

  17. Automatic processing

  18. Automatic processing • Time saving • Simple & convenient • Less space – no darkroom required • Density & contrast – consistent in all radiographs • Artifacts by rollers • Graininess of image • Expensive – acquisition & maintenance • Frequent cleaning • may break down & needs back up

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