World Cities, urban strategies- responses to global environments

1. World Cities, urban strategies- responses to global environments Lecture 8 David Litteljohn Events in a Globalising World, 2008-09

2. Aims • To look more closely at the notion of world cities • To understand the dynamics of cities in a globalised environment • To relate the above to the Event and tourism policy at local levels

3. References and further reading • Short, J R and Kim, Y-H, 1999, Globalization and the City, Pearson, Chapter 4 and 7 • Neal, Z., 2008, The duality of world cities and forms: comparing hierarchies, networks ….., Global Networks, 8 (1), pp 94-115 • Euromonitor, Top 150 City Destinations: London Leads the Way11 October 2007 http://athens.portal.euromonitor.com/portal/server.pt?control=SetCommunity&CommunityID=209&PageID=724&cached=false&space=CommunityPage • Law, Christopher M., (1993) "Organization and funding" from Law, Christopher M., Urban tourism pp.143-153, Mansell Publishing Limited.http://www.gcal.ac.uk/library/digitisation_archive/08_09/MLLSM04/MLLSM04_64772.pdf • See http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/publicat.html for some interesting research articles

4. Page, Stephen J. and Hall, C. Michael, (2003) "Visitors in cities: activities and attractions" from Page, Stephen J. and Hall, C. Michael, Managing Urban Tourism , Chapter 5, pp.147-189, Harlow, Pearson Education Limited • http://www.gcal.ac.uk/library/digitisation_archive/08_09/MLLSM04/MLLSM04_64961.pdf

5. Setting the Events City Race! • Events • Olympics and others • World Fairs/Expos • European Cities of Culture • MICE including award ceremonies (e.g MTV) • Competitive Touring Exhibitions • World city hierarchies • Size, power and function • Centres and peripheries • City networks

6. Much work on cities reiterates the obvious …… Tokyo New York London etc

7. Hubs - agglomeration .... .... or diffusion??

8. Current social & cultural dimensions in ‘World City’ planning • Requirements • Knowing, understanding, innovating are important here • Are these generic or are do they relate to specific contexts? • Outcomes • Social and economic winners and losers Anholt City Brands Index Website http://www.citybrandsindex.com/

9. Global Cities - by Industry Cluster: e.g. Media Krätke, Stefan (2003) Global Media Cities in a World-wide Urban Network, European Planning Studies, 11:6, 605 - 628

10. Global Cities - by Industry Cluster: e.g. Support Business As quoted in Chris Chase-Dunn, Alexis Alvarez, Andrew Jorgenson, Richard Niemeyer, Daniel Pasciuti and John Week, 2006, Global City Networks in World Historical Perspective: http://www.irows.ucr.edu/papers/irows28/irows28.htm

11. City destinations - Tourism Clusters? Euromonitor, Top 150 City Destinations: London Leads the Way, 11 October 2007

12. Purpose of visit in 35 European Cities • Business and Professional – 46% • Leisure, recreation and holidays – 27% • Visiting friends and relations – 8% • Health treatment – 2% • Other – 18% (Source, Wober, 1997, as in Page & Hall, p 143)

13. Aspects of city tourism • Arts and culture (e.g. Berlin) • The nightlife city (e.g. Las Vegas, Dublin, Glasgow) • The shopping city (Dubai, ) • The sporting city (event specific but also ‘specialised’ e.g. Manchester, Grand Prix and other circuits, capital cities) • The Business City (Las Vegas conventions) • Business city

14. Cultural Capital? • Multi-function • Global • Political • Former • Ex-imperial • Province/state capitals • Super capitals

15. Business Travel markets? It must be business class! Witlox, F, Derudder, B, Faulconbridge J and Beaverstock J (2007) Airline business travel flows in the global space economy. quantitative and qualitative approaches to analysis. Paper presented at the Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 17 th -21 st April, as quoted in J.R. Faulconbridge and J.V. Beaverstock, 2007, Geographies of International Business Travel in the Professional Service Economy accessed at http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb252.html

16. Top Meeting destinations

17. Integrating city functions in globalising world • City representation now integrative and proactive • Greater integration of events and tourism in the local economic and social planning functions and city marketing

18. Urban Tourism - strategy means integration Adapted from Law, CM, 1996, Urban Tourism Attracting Visitors to large Cities, Mansell, London

19. Times Square, New York • By 1970s initial buzz fading • Private and public sector (city and state development) project • Mixed office and entertainment plan – only partly successful • Time(s) and anchors/ springboard attractions needed

20. Carnival • The development of an event • Globalisation influences in the 1940s • USA/Disney and the search for new markets: see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mQHr8bAojUDevelopment from the 1960s to the mid 1980s • Current Carnaval • 2002 at the Sambadromo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNcf-sG9xiI • 2007 - Bloco Boitatá http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPBDdlOTrr4

21. SAMBADROMO, RIO

22. Manques, 2006, A revitalizacao do carnival da rua do Rio, Jovem Museologica • Origins of carnival • Religious • Political (master/salve) • Public space • Mid-late 1800s • Middle-classes and private space (venetian masques) • Early 1900s – 1930 • From white to black? • By late 1930 being used by President Getulio Vargas to create Brazilian identity (through radio) • Spread to all sectors of Society • 1960s-1970s concentration/spectacle/exclusivity • 1990s – flowering? Neighbourhoods as well as spectacle