Between the Wars and WWII FDR’s response to totalitarianism – Atlantic Charter (US 57)

1. Between the Wars and WWIIFDR’s response to totalitarianism – Atlantic Charter (US 57) A document signed by FDR and Churchill listing how they see the world during and after WWII. FDR signed this before Pearl Harbor. • Do not seek to gain land. • Do not seek to force governments onto peoples. • Open trade and prosperity for all. • Peace and disarmament.

2. Hitler's Violations of the Treaty of Versailles • March 1935: Hitler announces the creation of a new air force. • March 1935: Hitler institutes a military draft to expand the army from 100,000 to 550,000 troops. • March 1936: Hitler deploys troops in the demilitarized Rhineland.

3. German-Italian Alliance • Germany supports the Italian invasion of Ethiopia. • German and Italian troops aid General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War. • Germany and Italy create a new alliance known as the Rome-Berlin Axis.

4. German Expansion • 1938 Anschluss: Austria is annexed into Germany • Munich Conference September, 1938 • Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) occupied • March 1939- Czechoslovakia occupied

5. German-Russian Non-aggression Pact

6. German-Russian Non-aggression Pact August, 1939- Germany and Russia sign the Non-aggression Pact • Agree not to fight each other for 10 years • Agree to divided Europe into spheres of interests • Agree to divide Poland between them

7. German Expansion September 1939- Germany and Russia divide Poland Blitzkrieg- “lightning war” England and France Declare War on Germany

8. U.S. Neutrality Acts • Neutrality acts were passed by the U.S. Congress in the 1930s. o The acts were intended to prevent the United States from becoming involved in another European war. • President Franklin Roosevelt believed the neutrality acts encouraged Axis aggression. • The acts were gradually relaxed as supplies were shipped to Britain.

9. Germany turns west Sitzkrieg- “sitting war” Germany occupies Denmark, Norway, Netherlands France mobilizes behind the Maginot Line

10. Germany turns west Schlieffen Plan strikes again- Germany executes the WW 1 plan with a new twist: fast moving armor divisions (tanks) and air support…the Blitzkrieg rolls through Belgium-

11. Germany turns west Great Britain- Dunkirk- British Army is trapped in Belgium, German Air Force prevents British Navy from evacuating them… Thousands of small boats, yachts, fishing boats and navy ships pull of the evacuation anyway

12. Germany turns west Vichy France- German army reaches Paris, some remnants of French army trapped to the east by the Maginot line continue to fight, but France surrenders and puppet government (Vichy France) is set up. French colonies obey the order to cease fighting- North Africa- Syria- Mediterranean Sea- Italy declares war on France

13. Germany turns west Battle of Britain- Winston Churchill- new prime minister of England must rally his country to continue the fight Germany launches the air assault: RAF- outnumbered approximately 3200 (luftwaffe) to 1700 Luftwaffe- Hermann Goering- vows to defeat Britain by air power Cross Channel invasion is postponed-

14. Germany turns west Battle of Britain- Over the months of the air war over England, bombing targets shift from military targets to bombing of cities- After one bomber (apparently off course) bombed a London suburb, England began to send bombers against German cities Hitler abandons plans to invade England and launches Operation Barbarosa-

15. Similarities Between Napoleon’s and Hitler’s Invasions of Russia • Napoleon and Hitler attack in June and are able to penetrate deep into Russia at first. o Russians adopt scorched-earth strategy and retreat while destroying crops and other resources. • Invading French and Nazi armies fail to overcome Russian defenses before winter sets in. • Severe Russian winters catch invaders unprepared; widespread disease and death result. • Reserve Russian troops from deep within the country gather and drive out the invaders the following year.

16. Japanese Mobilization • Japanese society was highly mobilized upon entering the war. • Government planning board controlled all national resources, prices, wages, and labor. • Citizens were encouraged to make sacrifices for the nation. • Minor increase in women's employment, seen primarily in the traditional industries of textiles and farming. • Korean and Chinese workers were imported to meet labor shortages.

17. The New Order • Japan claimed that the New Order was a system of control dedicated to increasing prosperity for Asian neighbors. • Japan acquired parts of China and French Indochina, which it ran under military rule. • Japan exploited raw materials in Southeast Asia to fuel its military machine.

18. Risks of Japanese Invasion of French Indochina • War with European colonial powers and the United States • U.S. economic sanctions o Loss of badly needed oil and scrap iron

19. Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere • Group of Asian nations controlled by Japan • Included most of East Asia and the western Pacific • Although promised liberation from Western colonial rule, was dominated by Japan to exploit natural resources for its own use

20. Japanese Colonial Policies • Were not significantly different from Western colonial policies • Sought to modernize occupied territory based on Japanese models • Dedicated economic resources to Japanese war machine • Filled labor forces with prisoners of war and local peoples • Recruited native peoples of occupied territory to serve in local military units and public works projects

21. The Pacific War begins Emperor Hirohito- Hideki Tojo- Admiral Yamamoto- Pearl Harbor- “Tora, Tora, Tora” Philippines- Douglas MacArthur-

22. The Pacific War begins The United States declares war on Japan for it’s unprovoked attack while conducting negotiations for “peace”

23. The Pacific War begins Battle for Midway- Doolittle Raid- Battle of the Coral Sea-

24. Dwight Eisenhower (US 62) Supreme Commander of all allied forces during WWII. He was not only a great general, but he had to hold together an alliance of countries, including the Soviet Union, while fighting Germany. He would be elected president twice: 1952 and 1956.

25. German Mobilization • The German economy changed after Germany’s defeat on the Russian front and the U.S. entry into World War II. o Massive increase in armament production o Total war mobilization o Closure of schools, theaters, and cafés o Recognized need for women to work in support of war effort, though number of women in workforce increased little

26. Slave Labor in Germany • Hitler saw Slavs as racially inferior peoples who should be made to serve the German nation. • Non-German European workers eventually made up 20 percent of Germany’s labor force. • Pulling large numbers of workers out of occupied countries to work in Germany disrupted industrial production that could have served Germany. • Brutal treatment of foreign workers led to resistance against Nazi occupation forces.

27. “Island Hopping” • Was a U.S. military strategy to capture Japanese-held islands in the Pacific • Utilized combined attacks of U.S. Army, Marines, and Navy • Focused on capturing some islands and bypassing others to get closer and closer to Japan

28. A five week battle to capture a strategic island with 3 airfields. 22,000 Japanese died, while only 216 were taken as prisoner. Iwo Jima Mount Suribachi

29. Iwo Jima

30. Largest amphibious assault in the Pacific. Japan lost 77,166 U.S. lost 14,009 40,000 civilians died Kamikazes Okinawa

31. Okinawa

32. Okinawa

33. “Letter to President Franklin Roosevelt” by Albert Einstein In 1939, Albert Einstein wrote FDR a letter regarding atomic weapons. He told FDR that the Germans were already trying to build these weapons. He urged the administration to begin governmental work developing an atomic bomb with funding from our government.

35. World War IIManhattan Project (US 69) A research and development project that produced the first atomic bomb. The scientific director was J. Robert Oppenheimer.

36. Employed more than 130,000 people. Two types of atomic bomb were created: uranium and plutonium. Much of this work was done at Oak Ridge. Manhattan Project

37. The first atomic test was named Trinity and took place at Los Alamogordo, New Mexico. Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima and Fat Man on Nagasaki. video 5:00 handout Manhattan Project

38. Air Bombing of Japan • Continuous long-range bombing by U.S. B-29 airplanes • High-altitude daylight strikes • Low-level napalm firebombs at night, highly successful • Atomic bomb dropped on military port of Hiroshima o 4.4 square miles burned o Approximately 70,000 killed • Nagasaki hit with second atomic weapon o 40,000 killed

39. Air Bombing of Japan • Continuing deaths from atomic bombings, due to injuries and radiation sickness • Destruction of many industries and dwellings

40. After this attempt, all fighting by both the Americans/British and the Soviets would push Germans back further into Germany. video 3:20 video 3:56 Battle of the Bulge

41. Liberating the Concentration Camps • As Allied forces drove the Nazi army out of occupied countries in 1944 and 1945, they liberated concentration camps and death camps. • Camps liberated by Soviet troops included the Auschwitz and Majdanek death camps. • Camps liberated by U.S. and British forces included Buchenwald and Bergen-Belsen. • The soldiers who liberated the camps provided eyewitness accounts of the details of the Holocaust. • Millions of Jews had died in the camps before the camps were liberated.

42. Allies’ Conferences

43. The Soviet Union’s Desire for Islands and Ports As a condition for entering the war against Japan, the Soviet Union demanded control of Sakhalin Island, the Kuril Islands, and warm-water ports in Manchuria. • Disputes between Russia and Japan about control of these areas had been a cause of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. • Sakhalin Island was valuable for its coal, petroleum, timber, and fishery. • The Kuril Islands were valuable for their fishery. • Warm-water ports would give the Soviet Union year-round access to the Pacific.

44. World War IIYalta Conference (US 71) Feb 4-11, 1945 Winston Churchill. Joseph Stalin, and Franklin Roosevelt met at this Russian Crimean resort town.

45. Agreements: Soviets would help defeat Japan in exchange for some Asian territories. Germany would pay some war reparations. Eastern European countries would have free elections. Security Council would now include France in the future United Nations. Yalta Conference

46. World War IIPotsdam Conference (US 71) July 17-Aug 2, 1945 Joseph Stalin, Clement Atlee, and Harry Truman met at Potsdam, Germany. • Germany would be divided into four zones of Allied occupation. • Complete disarmament and demilitarization of Germany. • All vestiges of the Nazi era would be removed.

47. At this meeting, Truman informed Stalin of the first atomic bomb blast. Potsdam Conference

48. United Nations • Advocated by United States at Yalta conference during World War II • Founded in 1945, after World War II • Aim to maintain international peace and security • Commitment to human rights and justice • Promotion of social progress and wellbeing

49. World War IIUnited Nations (US 72) Established Oct 24, 1945 in San Francisco. Its goal was to promote international cooperation. There were 51 member states (now has 193). During WWII, FDR wanted a successor to the League of Nations.

50. World War IICordell Hull (US 72) A Tennessean, he was the longest serving Secretary of State of the United States (1933-1944). He was instrumental in establishing the United Nations, and in 1945, won a Nobel Peace prize for this work. FDR called him the “Father of the United Nations.”